Chapter 6: Exercise & the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

mechanisms of defense of the innate immune system

A

phagocytosis, apoptosis, complement, and acute inflammation

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2
Q

define phagocytosis

A

ingestion of bacteria by macrophage and neutrophils

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3
Q

define apoptosis (innate)

A

natural killer cells destroy tumor and virally infected cells by programmed cell death

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4
Q

define complement

A

complement proteins tag surface of bacteria and destroy it by creating pores in surface

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5
Q

define acute inflammation

A

pathogen activates immune cells within injured tissue, including “alarm” cells (macrophage , neutrophils)

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6
Q

mechanism of acute inflammation

A

“alarm” cells trigger vasodilation and increased vascular permeability —> increased blood flow to injured area —> inflammation

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7
Q

define sterile inflammation

A

inflammation in the absence of any pathogen

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8
Q

define chronic inflammation

A

due to persistent infection or prolonged immune response

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9
Q

what is low grade chronic inflammation caused by

A

inactivity, obesity, aging

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10
Q

what is high grade chronic inflammation caused by

A

certain cancers and rheumatoid arthritis

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11
Q

role of B cells (plasma cells)

A

secrete antibodies that tag pathogen for destruction

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12
Q

role of cytotoxic T cells

A

kill virally infected cells

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13
Q

role of helper T cells

A

secrete cytokines that enhance immune response

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14
Q

role of regulatory T cells

A

prevent immune system from attacking normal body antigens

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15
Q

what kind of exercise is shown to improve immunosurveillance

A

acute moderate exercise (40-60% VO2 max) < 60 mins
moderate intensity / short duration

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16
Q

how does acute moderate exercise boost immunosurveillance? when does it return to normal?

A

boosts innate and adaptive immune system, returns to normal after about 3 hours

17
Q

what type of exercise has a depressive effect on immune system?

A

prolonged exercise (> 90 mins)
high intensity / long duration

18
Q

How does acute prolonged exercise depress the immune system?

A

decreases levels of B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells
decreases natural killer cell activity and T cell function
decreases nasal neutrophil phagocytosis
decreases nasal and salivary IgA
increases pro and anti inflammatory cytokines

19
Q

what is the relationship between chronic exercise workload and UTRI risk?

A

J curve model, too little is normal risk, too much is higher risk

20
Q

how does continuous moderate aerobic exercise protect against infection?

A

regularly boosts immunosurveillance, and has associative factors (less emotional stress, better nutrition, adequate sleep)

21
Q

describe the “open window” concept

A

window after high-intensity / long-duration aerobic exercises where an individual is at an increased risk of infection because of a depressed immune system

22
Q

does exercising in a hot environment impair immune function?

A

no, even though we see an increase in cortisol compared to a cold environment, it is not enough to elicit a depressive immune response

23
Q

does exercising in a cold environment have an effect on the immune system?

24
Q

does exercising at a high altitude have an effect on the immune system?

A

yes, we see increased levels of cortisol and in the field, increased risk of URTI

25
when is it okay to exercise when you are sick?
when symptoms are above the neck (runny nose, nasal congestion, sore throat), just reduce intensity or duration
26
when is it not okay to exercise when sick?
if symptoms are below the neck (chest congestion, cough, stomach pain)
27
when is it definitely NOT okay to exercise when sick?
when you have a fever, fatigue, or widespread muscle aches