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Biology Lab 115 > Lab 6 Asexual And Sexual Reproduction > Flashcards

Lab 6 Asexual And Sexual Reproduction Flashcards

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0
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Involves the union of two gametes to form a zygote via fertilization
. It entails combing the chromosomes of parents to form offspring that have genomic contributions from both parents.
. Typically each parent produces gametes that are haploid ( 1n) and together produce offspring that are diploid.( 2n)

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1
Q

Individual fitness

A

Is a measure of the relative ability of an individual to transmit genes to future generations

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2
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells - haploid 1N

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3
Q

Zygote

A

(zī’-goōt) The diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg.

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4
Q

Fertilization

A

The union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote. It entails combing the chromosomes of parents to form offspring that have genomic contributions from both parents.

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5
Q

Haploid

A

1N - a cell contains only one set of chromosome

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6
Q

1N

A

Having one set of chromosome- haploid

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7
Q

2N

A

Having 2 sets of chromosomes

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8
Q

What is the process that produces gametes

A

Meiosis

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9
Q

Meiosis

A

A 2N cells divide to produce 1N daughter cells within gonads or other reproductive tissues.

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10
Q

Gonads

A

(goō’-nadz) The male and female sex organs; the gamete-producing organs in most animals.

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11
Q

Why are both the gametes and and offspring produce genetically variable

A

Because chromosomes undergo independent assortment during meiosis

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12
Q

Mitosis

A

A type of cell division where a parent cell( typically diploid or 2N ) produce daughter cells that are identical ( also 2n).
. This type f cell division occurs in all tissues of human body except gonadal tissue. ( ovary and testes)
. (mī-toō’-sis) A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by allocating replicated chromosomes equally to each of the daughter nuclei.

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13
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Involves the cloning of individuals.
. Offspring are produced via mitosis or similar mechanism of reproduction.
. Cloning may involve the production of duplicate animals or plants by budding or vegetative propagation.

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14
Q

Budding

A

Asexual reproduction in which outgrowths from the parent form and pinch off to live independently or else remain attached to eventually form extensive colonies.

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15
Q

Vegetative propagation/ reproduction

A

Cloning of plants by asexual means.

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16
Q

The cons of sexual reproduction

A

. Only 50% of genes gets passed on
. Spend energy finding a suitable mate
. Dangerous: competing for a mate

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17
Q

Pros of sexual reproduction

A

Genetic diversity

. When environments change there will be at least some offspring that will adapt to the new conditions.

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18
Q

Pros of asexual reproduction

A

. 100 % of offspring is passed on
. Short mechanism to generate large numbers of offspring that are adopted to existing environmental conditions.
. Less energy used in finding a mate.
. Less costly in finding a mate, competing for a mate, or producing gametes

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19
Q

PROTOZOANS reproduce by

A

Primarily by Asexual reproduction ( although sexual reproduction happens at times)

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20
Q

Protistans produce by

A

A common type of asexual reproduction called binary fission

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21
Q

Binary fission

A

A method of asexual reproduction by “division in half.” In prokaryotes, binary fission does not involve mitosis, but in single-celled eukaryotes that undergo binary fission, mitosis is part of the process.
. A type of asexual reproduction in which a prokaryotic cell divides into identical daughter cells

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22
Q

Protista

A

An informal term applied to any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus. Most protists are unicellular, though some are colonial or multicellular.

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23
Q

The result of binary fission in PROTISTS

A

Since they are unicellular it results in both cellular reproduction and population growth

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24
Q

Protozoan

A

Unicellular protist that is heterotrophic and usually motile.

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25
Q

Eg of a heterotrophic protist - a protozoan

A

Paramecium caudatum

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26
Q

Most PROTOZOANS reproduce by

A

Asexual reproduction

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27
Q

Types of asexual reproduction

A

Binary fission
Budding
Mitosis

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28
Q

Budding

A

A similar process to binary fission but involves the formation of a progeny(a offspring) cell or organism that is much smaller than the adult cell or organism.

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31
Q

Egs of organism that reproduce by budding

A

Fungi : yeasts

Invertebrates : cnidarians ( corals, jelly fishes, hydra)

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32
Q

Fungi reproduce asexually by means of

A

A CONIDIA

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33
Q

CONIDIA

A

Are asexually produced non motile spores that are borne externally to the cells that produce them ( opposite to sporangiophores that are produced incident specialized cells / chambers called sporangia).

They are multinucleate that are cut off from the ends of specialized Salk like hyphae termed conidiophores

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34
Q

Eg of organisms that produce CONIDIA

A

Ascomycetes ( sac fungi)

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35
Q

Conidiophores

A

Are specialized hyphae stalks on which the CONIDIA ( spores) are borne

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36
Q

SPORES

A

Cells ( usually haploid) that are capable of germinating into an adult plant without fusing with another cell)

37
Q

How are CONIDIA dispersed

A

By wind and may germinate( grow) to form new hyphae ( conidiophores )

38
Q

Example of a ascomycetes that produce CONIDIA

A

Aspergillus

39
Q

How do vascular plants reproduce asexuxually

A

With underground stems known as RHIZOMES

40
Q

Rhizomes

A

Underground stems found in vascular plants

41
Q

Egs. of vascular plants that reproduce asexually

A

. Grasses
. Strawberries
. Raspberries

42
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Involves development of eggs without fertilization

43
Q

Eg. Of inveterate or vertebrate that reproduce asexually ( via parthenogenesis )

A

.Cnemidophorus lizard ( whiptail lizard) that consist entirely of female lizards. Female produce eggs that begin developing into a female offspring
. Daphnia ( these switch to sexual reproduction when the habitat gets overpopulated)
. Aphids(

44
Q

Alternation of generations

A

Cycles involving diploid ( 2n) and haploid( n) generations that alternate

45
Q

Explain the life cycle of fern ( alt of gen)

A
  1. The leafy part of the fern is the diploid stage …. SPOROPHYTES ( “spore-plant”). 2N
  2. When mature the sporophyte produces reproductive chambers termed ….SPORANGIA/ ( a cluster of sporangium is called a SORUS) ( 2N)
  3. Special tissues within each sporangium undergoes meiosis to produce haploid SPORES (N)
  4. Spores are released from the sporangium and eventually germinate( grow ) to form young GAMETOPHYTES.
  5. When mature the gametophyte produces reproductive chambers in which gametes are produced by mitosis.
    5a. Reproductive chambers that produce eggs are called….ARCHEGONIA
    5b. Reproductive chambers that produce sperms are called …. ANTHERIDIA.
  6. Gametes that are released from the chambers join to form a diploid ZYGOTE (2n)
  7. The zygote matures into a sporophyte
46
Q

Gametophyte

A

(guh-mē’-toō-fīt) In organisms (plants and some algae) that have alternation of generations, the multicellular haploid form that produces haploid gametes by mitosis. The haploid gametes unite and develop into sporophytes.

47
Q

SPOROPHYTE

A

(spoō-ruh-fīt’) In organisms (plants and some algae) that have alternation of generations, the multicellular diploid form that results from the union of gametes. The sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis that develop into gametophytes.

48
Q

SPORANGIA

A

The reproductive chambers produced by sporophytes. Tissues in the chambers undergoes meiosis and produces haploid spores

49
Q

ARCHEGONIA

A

Reproductive chambers of gametophyte that produce egg cells by mitosis.

50
Q

Antheridia

A

Reproductive chambers of gametophytes ( haploid )that produce sperm cells ( haploid)by mitosis.

51
Q

ZYGOTE

A

(zī’-goōt) The diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg.

52
Q

An bvious difference between plant and animal life cycles

A

In animals meiosis results in the formation of gametes that unite to form a zygote.
In plants meiosis results in the production of haploid spores that grow into a different life form ( the gametophyte ) that produces gametes when mature.

53
Q

Life cycle of a moss in terms of alternation of generation

A
  1. The leafy portion of the moss is the GAMETOPHYTE ( haploid) 1N
  2. Individual moss plants are either male or female
  3. On top of the gametophyte, either ANTHERIDIA or ARCHEGONIA are produced depending on the sex of the plant
  4. Archegonia produce egg cells by mitosis.
  5. Antheridia produce sperm by mitosis
  6. After a rain, sperm released from the antheridia swim through drops of water over to an adjacent female plant and make their way down the archegonium
  7. fertilization occurs at the bottom of the archegonium to produce a ZYGOTE ( diploid 2n)
  8. The zygote remains in place and develops into a mature SPOROPHYTE
  9. Yellow or greenish stalk- like structures that are attached to the tops of the gametophytes are the mature SPOROPHYTE ( this always a female plant because it holds the zygote and zygote matures in place)
  10. At the top of each sporophyte is an enlarged chamber a SPORANGIUM called …. A CAPSULE.
  11. Within the CAPSULE MEIOSIS occurs to produce thousand of haploid spores.
  12. The haploid spores are dispersed then soon germinate into a young gametophyte that will mature into a moss plant.
54
Q

FRONDS

A

The leafy part of the fern that is the sporophyte

55
Q

The cluster of SPORANGIA beneath the FRONDS are called

A

SORI

56
Q

Where are spores of ferns usually dispersed

A

By air to micro habitats along stream banks or on the forest floor

57
Q

Where on the fern gametophyte is the antheridia and the archegonia produced

A

On the surface

58
Q

What type of plants have a life cycle do I aged by the gametophyte stage

A

BRYOPHYTES such as moss and algae

In gymnosperms and angiosperms the gametophyte stage is greatly reduced.

59
Q

What is the dominant stage in gymnosperms and angiosperms

A

The sporophyte stage

60
Q

Sex involving 2 kinds of gametes

A

OOGAMY

61
Q

Sex involving one kind of gamete

A

ISOGAMY

62
Q

Flowering plants produce two kinds of sporangia

A
  1. Mega spores

2. Microspores

63
Q

MEGASPORES

A

Germinate and grow into egg yielding megagametophytes

64
Q

Megagametophytes

A

Gametophytes in flowering plants that produce eggs

65
Q

MICROSPORES

A

Germinate and grow into MICROGAMETOPHYTES THAT PRODUCE SPERMS

66
Q

MICROGAMETOPHYTES

A

Gametophyte of flowering plants that produce sperms

67
Q

Plants that make 2 kinds of spores are called

A

Heterosporous

68
Q

Plants that make only one kind of spore is

A

HOMOSPOROUS

69
Q

In angiosperms the dominating life cycle stage is

A

The SPOROPHYTE stage

70
Q

The mega gametophyte is is reduced in angiosperms to a 7 - called structure called

A

The embryo sac

71
Q

The EMBRYO SAC

A

The 7- called mega gametophyte that is found in the ovary of the flowers of the parent sporophyte plant.

.Within the embryo sac, the mega gametophyte, an egg is produced and waits there for the arrival of another gamet

72
Q

FLOWERS consist of a series of highly modified leaves that form which parts

A

Sepals
Petals
Stamens
Pistil

73
Q

SEPALS

A

The outermost whorls of modified leaves that serve to protect the underlying reproductive structures or attract pollinators

74
Q

PETALS

A

The next innermost whorl of modified leaves and serve primarily to attract pollinators

75
Q

STAMENS

A

Are attached to the inside of the petals and bear long chambers called ANTHERS

76
Q

ANTHERS

A

Long chambers born from the stamen. They are microsporangia

77
Q

What occurs inside the ANTHERS

A

Special cells undergo meiosis to produce MICROSPORES

78
Q

Plants such as BRYOPHYTES and algae life cycle are dominated by what stage

A

The gametophyte stage

79
Q

The stamen ( the male part of the flower) is made up of 2 parts

A

The filament and the anther

80
Q

The 4 parts of the Female part of the flower the PISTIL ( the vase shaped structure at the center of the flower and functions as the female reproductive structure)

A

Stigma
Style
Ovary
Ovule

81
Q

the MICROSPORES. Produced in the ANTHERS germinate within the anthers and develop into whaT

A

Male gametophytes ( pollen grains).

82
Q

The life cycle of an angiosperm

A
  1. Cells within ANTHERS ( MICROSPORANGIA)(1N) undergo MEIOSIS and produce MICROSPORES.
  2. The MICROSPORES (1n) develop into MICROGAMETOPHYTES (( POLLEN GRAINS).
  3. In the female structure of the plant the MEGASPORANGIA ( the OVARY). It contains the FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE ( EMBRYO SAC) found inside an ovule. It contains an egg nucleus that serves as a gamete.
  4. When a pollen grain is placed on the stigma on a receptive flower the pollen grain grows into a filamentous thread contains 2 SPERM NUCLEI and 1 TUBE NUCLEUS that controls the growth of the pollen tube.
  5. The pollen tube grows through the style to the ovary where it merges with the embryo sac of the ovule , dumping the sperm nuclei near the egg nucleus
  6. Fertilization follows ( involves one sperm nucleus and egg nucleus uniting to form a ZYGOTE.
  7. The second sperm nuclei unites with 2 polar nuclei in the egg sac to form a Triploid tissue- THE ENDOSPERM
  8. After double fertilization, usually the flower parts other than the ovary dry up and fall away
  9. The ovary undergoes a tremendous increase in size, rate of synthetic activity and change in overall appearance.

. When this process is completed the ovary has become a fruit, and the ovule a seed

  1. The fruit falls to the ground and eventually germinates into a seedling
  2. The seedling develops into a plant with flowers
83
Q

STIGMA

A

The sticky upper platform that captures pollen

84
Q

STYLE

A

The long neck of the pistil

85
Q

THE OVARY

A

The large base which contains the OVULE

86
Q

The female gametophyte is

A

The EMBRYO SAC

87
Q

The EMBRYO SAC

A

The female gametophyte.
. it found within the ovule inside the ovary
. It contains an egg nucleus that serves as a gamete

88
Q

Sporophyte stage in angiosperms

A

Embryo, green plant, stem leaves, flowers or cone

Biology Lab 115 (9 decks)

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