Lab 5 Measurement and Biodiversity Flashcards
1
Q
A purpose of science
A
To provide natural explanations about our world.
2
Q
How do scientist provide natural explanations about our world.
A
They do this through
. documentation
. experimentation
3
Q
Steps of the SCIENTIFIC METHOD
A
. Begin with simple OBSERVATION
. From the observation they formulate TESTABLE HYPOTHESIS that generate predictable outcomes
.EXPERIMENTS are used to test hypothesis
.
4
Q
MEASUREMENT
A
one of the fundamental aspect of observation AND EXPERIMENT
5
Q
What is used to make measurements
A
INSTRUMENTS
6
Q
All instruments have the what properties
A
- PRECISION
- ACCURACY
SENSITIVITY
7
Q
PRECISION
A
The precision of an instrument is its repeatability.
. A precisie instrument will give the same reading under the same conditions
8
Q
ACCURACY
A
The accuracy of an instrument is its agreement with the true value
9
Q
SENSITIVITY
A
is how much the true value must change for the instrument to register a change
10
Q
What units of measurement do scientists use
A
International system of units
11
Q
SI units for length
A
Meter
12
Q
Volume
A
Liters
13
Q
Mass
A
Grams
14
Q
Time
A
Seconds
15
Q
2 parts to a scientific notation are
A
1 .coefficient ( a number between 1 and 10)
2 .base ( base 10 raise to an exponent)
16
Q
Negative exponents
A
Number is less than 1
17
Q
Positive exponent
A
The number is greater than one
18
Q
SIGNIFICANT DIGITS
A
All numbers that are certain, and one number that contains some uncertainty
19
Q
F—> C Fahrenheit to Celsius
C=?
A
C= 5/9 ( F-32)
20
Q
F=?
A
(9/5 *C ) +32
21
Q
Fossil records indicate that life arose when
A
3.5 billion years ago
22
Q
Earliest life forms consisted of
A
Simple bacteria- like organisms
23
Q
Eukaryotes appeared ( organisms with nuclei and membrane organelles)
A
1.5 billion years ago
24
Q
Simple unicellular forms would give rise to complex multicellular forms when
A
750 million years ago
25
The Cambrian explosion
Occurred 540 million years ago
| . Marked a period when many of the modern phyla arose in marine environments.
26
The invasion of land by plants and animals occurred
500-450 million years ago
27
What classification system do scientist use to identify species
A binomial classification system known as the LINNEAN classification system
28
The scientific name of a each species consist of
.the specific epithet
. The genus to which the species belongs
( Genus species)
( genus is capitalized species is not, italicized or underlined
29
COMMON NAMES
Vernacular names that are applied to species
30
How should scientific names be written
Italicized or underlined
31
Hierarchy of taxa ( of LINNEAN classification)
```
Domain
Kingdom
Phyla
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Dumb kings play chess on fiber glass seats
```
32
What do botanist call the phyla group
Division
33
When referring to more than one species within a genus without referring to each species we use the abbreviation
Spp.
34
The abbreviation sp. is used when
Used after the genus if the identity of the species is uncertain
35
MONOPHYLETIC FORMS
Reflects the branching pattern of evolutionary history
It contains and ancestral form and all of its descendent species
36
How are monophyletic groups named
Each group is given a formal name but the LINNEAN category is not included eg. Instead of human belonging Class Mammalia, it would just be Mammalia.
This is called PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OR CLADISTICS
37
What are the 2
Major categories of organisms based on 1. Cellular complexity
2. Modes of reproduction
PROKARYOTES
| EUKARYOTES
38
DOMAIN is made up of 3 groups
Domain. Bacteria
Domain archea
Domain bacteria
39
PROKARYOTES are made up of 2 domains
Domain bacteria a
| Domain bacteria
40
Characteristics of Prokaryotes
.No nucleus ( cells)
.No membrane bound organelles ( eg mitochondria, chloroplasts)( cells)
.DNA exist as a single large molecule that is ringed shaped
.Able to transfer genetic material from one cell to another but not sexually
41
AUTOTROPHS
Self feeders
Make complex organic compounds from inorganic sources
. Many are photosynthetic
42
Eg of AUTOTROPHIC BACTERIA
CYANOBACTERIA ( blue green algae)
43
Where do cyanobacteria live
Blue green algae photosynthetic autotrophic prokaryotic bacteria live in ponds , lakes , oceans
. Play a major role in generating the oxygen that animals breathe via photosynthesis
44
2 ways in which Cyanobacteria exists
1. They may grow as single cells
| 2. In colonies ( filaments ) ( filament onus Cyanobacteria )
45
Bacteria may also be HETEROTROPHS which are
Other feeders
| The obtain energy and nutrients from organic compounds
46
Characteristics of EUKARYOTES
Contain a true nucleus with multiple chromosomes
Organelles
Single and multicelled organisms
47
4 main kingdoms of EUKARYOTA
Fungi
Protist
Plantae
Animalia
48
PROTISTS
Smallest eukaryotes
| Unicellular ( small percentage are multicellular
49
2 major groups of PROTISTS ( eukaryotes)
.PROTOZOANS ( animal like PROTISTS)
| . ALGAE ( plant like protist)
50
PROTOZOANS
"First animals"
51
How do PROTOZOANS feed
They are PROTISTS that are HETEROTROPHS ( they ingest food)
| . they feed on bacteria or other Protistants, or are parasitic
52
Eg of protozoan PROTIST
AMEBAS
53
AMEBAS
Are protozoan PROTISTS that lack flagella and move about by means of pseudopods
54
What do amebas use to move
Pseudopods
55
PSEUDOPODS are used by amebas to do what
To move
Surround and capture prey
They are cytoplasmic extensions
56
The contrast of amebas ( PROTOZOANS )
FLAGELLATES and CILIATES
57
FLAGELLATES
Are PROTOZOANS ( PROTISTS) that move with a whip like flagella
58
Ciliates
Are PROTOZOANS that move around with short cilia which are also used to funnel water
59
Cilia
Short hairlike rhythmically beating organelles on the surface of certain cells that provide mobility or move fluids , as in PROTOZOANS
60
Flagella
Whip like appendage that serve for movement as in PROTOZOANS
61
DOMAIN is made up of 3 groups
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
Domain Eukaryota
62
ALGAE
Eukaryotic Protistans that are photosynthetic ( they all have chloroplasts that contain CHLOROPHYLL A
. Can be both unicellular and multicellular
63
2 forms that algae exist
. In water bodies ( flagellated cells that swim)
| . Or organized into loose assemblages of cells that form colonies
64
SEAWEEDS
Marine algae that have complex multicellular bodies ( brown , red, green algae, kelp)
65
How do algae feed
They are photosynthetic so they are autotrophic
66
Eg of brown algae
Fucus ( large macroscopic forms that attach to rocks)with HOLDFASTS and float with FLOATATION BLADDERS
67
Kingdom FUNGI how do they feed
Heterotrophic eukaryotes that digest their food externally by excreting digestive enzymes then absorb the nutrients
68
Most fungi have cell walls made of
CHITIN ( not cellulose)
69
Give examples of fungi
```
Yeast
Mushrooms
Toadstools
Rusts
Lichens
Molds
```
70
What is the HYPHAE on fungus
Long branching filamentous structure of a fungus
71
MYCELIUM
The hyphae collectively form a complex interbranching network
72
MUSHROOM
A fungi that consist of tightly packed hyphae and is the reproductive structure produced by the underground mycelium ( mycelium is made up of hyphae)
73
what key role do fugi play in the ecosystem
They are decomposers
74
MYCORRHIZAE ( fungus root)
Mutualistic relationship between plant root and fungus
Myc= fungus
Rhyz= root
The fungal hyphae provide phosphorus to the plant roots and while the plant provides sugars to the fungus
75
why are mycorrhizae associations important
95 % of all vascular plants have mycorrhizae
76
The 2 largest groups of fungi are
1. Ascomycetes
| 2. Basidlomycetes
77
Ascomycetes
| Asco= bag or bladder or sac, mycetes = bellflower
Aka SAC FUNGI
Are the largest group
```
they include
Unicellular yeast
Cup fungi
Truffles
Morels
```
78
Ascomycetes and basidiomycetes all form sexual spores known as
ASCI
79
the fruit bodies of ascomycetes are
ASCOCARPS
ASCO= sacs
Carps= fruit
80
BASIDIOMYCETES
Basidio= pedestal
Mycetes= bellflower
They include
```
Mushrooms
Shelf fungi
Puffballs
Rusts
Smuts
```
81
The fruiting bodies of BASIDIOMYCETES are called
Basidiocarps
82
LICHEN
Is a symbiotic( mutulistic) relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner( usually a green algae or cyanobacteria.
83
The scientific name of a lichen is
The name of the fungus that forms the lichen
84
Kingdom plantae consists of
Photosynthetic eukaryotes
85
The 5 groups of plantae are
```
Mosses
Liverworts
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
```
86
Data suggest that the 5 groups of plants descended from
A single species of green algae
87
Vascular tissue of plants are used to
Transport substances through the plants
88
Reproduction of plants include ALTERNATION OF GENERATION
Haploid and diploid stages alternate in life cycles
89
How many phyla of plants exist
12
90
BRYOPHYTES
```
NONVASCULAR PLANTS
Common name refers to memebers of 3 genetically diverse plant phyla that include
1. Mosses
2. Liverworts
3. Hornworts
```
91
NONVASCULAR PLANTS lack
True vascular tissue for transporting water and nutrients
92
The leafy portion of the moss is called
GAMETOPHYTE ( haploid stage) ( 1 n)
93
the yellow brownish stalks of mosses are called
SPOROPHYTES ( diploid stage 2 n) produces spores
94
A SPORE
A reproductive cell capable of growing into a adult plant without fertilization ( union of egg and sperm)
Reproduce ASEXUALLY
95
Ferns are also called
Pterophyta
96
Fern structure and reproduction
VASCULAR, reproduce by spore rather than seeds
| .
97
The leafy part of the fern is called
SPOROPHYTE 2 n diploid stage
98
Ferns underground horizontal stems are called
RHIZOMES From which leaves unfurl ( FRONDS)
99
FRONDS
The leaves that unfurl from RHIZOMES
100
The roots of ferns emerge from
The sides of rhizomes
101
Spores are produced in special structures known as
SPORANGIA ( located on the underside of the leaf in clusters called SORI
102
SORI of ferns
are clusters of spORANGIA found underneath the leaves
103
Ferns aka
PYTEROPHYTA
104
2 types of seeds plants are
GYMNOSPERM
| ANGIOSPERM
105
SEED
A complex structure that includes embryonic sporophytes that is surrounded by nutritive tissue and a seed coat
106
Stages of a plant seed
```
Adaptive stage ( allows the plants to disperse widely)
Dormant stage( allows embryo to survive until appropriate environment
```
107
GYMNOSPERMS are and Include
Cycads
Gringos
CONIFERS
They are plants that have seeds but have no flowers
108
Eg of conifers
```
Pine
Firs
Spruces
Cedars
Junipers
Cypresses
Redwoods
```
Most are evergreen
109
RESIN
Resin found in the linear leaves of conifers a chemical that deters insects and fungal attack
110
The CONES of conifers
Special reproductive structures that produce either
pollen ( male cones) or
Seeds ( female cones)
111
ANGIOSPERMS
Flowering plants ANTHOPYTA
112
2 major groups of angiosperms
Monocots
| EUDICOTS
113
MONOCOTS INCLUDE
```
Lillies
Orchids
Palms
Grasses
Comprise of 23% of all flowering plants
```
114
EUDICOTS
Include more typical flowers
| Sunflowers petunias roses oaks
115
Monocots have a single seed leaf called
COTYLEDON
116
EUDICOTS ( dicots )
Have 2 cotyledons
117
The leaf venation of monocots
Parallel
| And flowering parts mostly come in 3s or multiple of 3
118
The venation and flowering of EUDICOTS
Network of veins
| Flowers come mostly in 4s or 5s
119
COTYLEDON
Is the leaf of the embryo of a seed
120
PRORIFERA
Sponges in the animalia kingdom
121
Sponges have CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION which means
Their cells have specialized so that different cells perform different functions , but similar cells are not organized into tissues
122
How do water move through sponges
Through a system of pores and canals
Water is driven by the beating of flagella that are located on specialized cells that line the internal canals and opening of sponges
123
How do sponges feed
They are FILTER FEEDERS
124
Why are sponges important ecologically
1. With corals and algae create the physical structure of coral reefs
2. They filter water reducing turbidity( muddy water) with interferes with photosynthesis
125
Bath sponges vs other types
They consist mostly of collagen fibers( SPONGIN) while others have both SPONGIN and SPICULES ( made of mineral deposits)
126
CNIDARIA include
Jellyfishes
Hydras
Sea anemones
Corals
127
The structure of CNIDARIA
Radially symmetric
TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION without organs
Have 2-3 layers
GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY ( a single exterior opening that serves as mouth and anus ( often with tentacles surrounding it)
128
The 2 body forms of Cnidaria are
MEDUSA
| POLYP
129
MEDUSA
Free swimming or floating
. Mouth on the concave side
. Tentacles originate at the rim of the umbrella
130
POLYPS
. Are permanently attached
. One end is attached to the substrate and the other end is a mouth usually surrounded but tentatacles found at the opposite end
. They may occur in colonies which each have a specific jod ( feeding, defense, reproduction
131
CORALS
CNIDARIAS that are colonial species that lack medusa stage and have colonial polyps
132
CORAL POLYPS
Secrete protective mineral deposits around their bodies that are the building blocks for coral reefs
133
NEMATOCYTES
Organelles do Cnidaria that are used to prey and deter predators
. Each contain a coiled thread with barbs that may be poisoned( the poison is driven through byHYDROSTATIC PRESSURE)
134
Major parts of the MOLLUSCA are
.head ( highly cephalized)
. Muscular foot adjacent to the head
. MANTLE
135
MANTLE of a MOLLUSCA
A sheath of tissue formed from the dorsal body wall.
. Surrounds the mantle cavity and may assist in gas exchange and secretion of shell
. The mantle produces the animals shell
136
CEPHALAPODS
Are MOLLUSCA that predatory to fish and other MOLLUSCA
137
MOLLUSCA include
```
Oysters
Slugs
Schistosomiasis ( parasitic infection by snails)
Snails
Clams
Squidsqfb
```
138
ANNELIDA
Segmented worms
139
Annelids include
Earthworms
Polychaete worms
Leeches
140
Segmentation of Annelida is also called
METAMERISM
A body segment is called a METAMERE ( they contain elements of body systems
. It increases the efficiency of body movement allowing the effect of muscle contractions to be extremely localized
.
141
ANTHROPODA
```
Include insects
Crustaceans
Spiders
Scorpions
Centipede
```
142
TAGMATA OF ANTHROPODS
specialized body regions which include the
head
thorax and
abdomen
143
The condition of fusion of the TAGMATA is called
TAGMOSIS
144
The exterior of ANTHROPODA
EXOSKELETON made of CHITIN
145
How do ANTHROPODS grow
ECDYSIS
| molting the exoskeleton
146
Most ANTHROPODS are DIOECIOUS
Have paired reproductive organs ( ovaries and testes)
. Reproduction is internal
. Most lay eggs
. Metamorphism
147
ECHINODERMATA include
Have pentaradia symmetry
| Include sea stars, sea cucumber, sea urchins, sand dollars
148
The outer layer of Echinodermata
Cancerous endoskeleton composed of separate plates or ossicles
149
Echinodermata internal plumbing
A water vascular system whic function in part to operate tube feet which are used to pry open shells( the stomach is everted and digestive juices released on the prey.
150
CHORDATA consist of
. Vertebrates
| .2 in vertebrate groups ( sea squirts and amphioxus)
151
NOTOCHORD
A rod that extends most of the length of the body when fully developed
152
Characteristics of Chordata
Dorsal
Hollow verve cord
Tail projecting beyond the anus
Endoskeleton
