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Biology Lab 115 > Lab 5 Measurement and Biodiversity > Flashcards

Lab 5 Measurement and Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

A purpose of science

A

To provide natural explanations about our world.

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2
Q

How do scientist provide natural explanations about our world.

A

They do this through
. documentation
. experimentation

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3
Q

Steps of the SCIENTIFIC METHOD

A

. Begin with simple OBSERVATION
. From the observation they formulate TESTABLE HYPOTHESIS that generate predictable outcomes
.EXPERIMENTS are used to test hypothesis
.

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4
Q

MEASUREMENT

A

one of the fundamental aspect of observation AND EXPERIMENT

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5
Q

What is used to make measurements

A

INSTRUMENTS

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6
Q

All instruments have the what properties

A
  1. PRECISION
  2. ACCURACY
    SENSITIVITY
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7
Q

PRECISION

A

The precision of an instrument is its repeatability.

. A precisie instrument will give the same reading under the same conditions

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8
Q

ACCURACY

A

The accuracy of an instrument is its agreement with the true value

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9
Q

SENSITIVITY

A

is how much the true value must change for the instrument to register a change

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10
Q

What units of measurement do scientists use

A

International system of units

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11
Q

SI units for length

A

Meter

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12
Q

Volume

A

Liters

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13
Q

Mass

A

Grams

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14
Q

Time

A

Seconds

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15
Q

2 parts to a scientific notation are

A

1 .coefficient ( a number between 1 and 10)

2 .base ( base 10 raise to an exponent)

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16
Q

Negative exponents

A

Number is less than 1

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17
Q

Positive exponent

A

The number is greater than one

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18
Q

SIGNIFICANT DIGITS

A

All numbers that are certain, and one number that contains some uncertainty

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19
Q

F—> C Fahrenheit to Celsius

C=?

A

C= 5/9 ( F-32)

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20
Q

F=?

A

(9/5 *C ) +32

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21
Q

Fossil records indicate that life arose when

A

3.5 billion years ago

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22
Q

Earliest life forms consisted of

A

Simple bacteria- like organisms

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23
Q

Eukaryotes appeared ( organisms with nuclei and membrane organelles)

A

1.5 billion years ago

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24
Q

Simple unicellular forms would give rise to complex multicellular forms when

A

750 million years ago

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25
Q

The Cambrian explosion

A

Occurred 540 million years ago

. Marked a period when many of the modern phyla arose in marine environments.

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26
Q

The invasion of land by plants and animals occurred

A

500-450 million years ago

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27
Q

What classification system do scientist use to identify species

A

A binomial classification system known as the LINNEAN classification system

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28
Q

The scientific name of a each species consist of

A

.the specific epithet
. The genus to which the species belongs
( Genus species)
( genus is capitalized species is not, italicized or underlined

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29
Q

COMMON NAMES

A

Vernacular names that are applied to species

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30
Q

How should scientific names be written

A

Italicized or underlined

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31
Q

Hierarchy of taxa ( of LINNEAN classification)

A 
Domain
Kingdom 
Phyla
Class
Order 
Family
Genus
Species
Dumb kings play chess on fiber glass seats
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32
Q

What do botanist call the phyla group

A

Division

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33
Q

When referring to more than one species within a genus without referring to each species we use the abbreviation

A

Spp.

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34
Q

The abbreviation sp. is used when

A

Used after the genus if the identity of the species is uncertain

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35
Q

MONOPHYLETIC FORMS

A

Reflects the branching pattern of evolutionary history

It contains and ancestral form and all of its descendent species

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36
Q

How are monophyletic groups named

A

Each group is given a formal name but the LINNEAN category is not included eg. Instead of human belonging Class Mammalia, it would just be Mammalia.

This is called PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OR CLADISTICS

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37
Q

What are the 2
Major categories of organisms based on 1. Cellular complexity
2. Modes of reproduction

A

PROKARYOTES

EUKARYOTES

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38
Q

DOMAIN is made up of 3 groups

A

Domain. Bacteria
Domain archea
Domain bacteria

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39
Q

PROKARYOTES are made up of 2 domains

A

Domain bacteria a

Domain bacteria

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40
Q

Characteristics of Prokaryotes

A

.No nucleus ( cells)
.No membrane bound organelles ( eg mitochondria, chloroplasts)( cells)
.DNA exist as a single large molecule that is ringed shaped
.Able to transfer genetic material from one cell to another but not sexually

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41
Q

AUTOTROPHS

A

Self feeders
Make complex organic compounds from inorganic sources
. Many are photosynthetic

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42
Q

Eg of AUTOTROPHIC BACTERIA

A

CYANOBACTERIA ( blue green algae)

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43
Q

Where do cyanobacteria live

A

Blue green algae photosynthetic autotrophic prokaryotic bacteria live in ponds , lakes , oceans
. Play a major role in generating the oxygen that animals breathe via photosynthesis

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44
Q

2 ways in which Cyanobacteria exists

A
  1. They may grow as single cells

2. In colonies ( filaments ) ( filament onus Cyanobacteria )

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45
Q

Bacteria may also be HETEROTROPHS which are

A

Other feeders

The obtain energy and nutrients from organic compounds

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46
Q

Characteristics of EUKARYOTES

A

Contain a true nucleus with multiple chromosomes
Organelles
Single and multicelled organisms

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47
Q

4 main kingdoms of EUKARYOTA

A

Fungi
Protist
Plantae
Animalia

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48
Q

PROTISTS

A

Smallest eukaryotes

Unicellular ( small percentage are multicellular

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49
Q

2 major groups of PROTISTS ( eukaryotes)

A

.PROTOZOANS ( animal like PROTISTS)

. ALGAE ( plant like protist)

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50
Q

PROTOZOANS

A

“First animals”

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51
Q

How do PROTOZOANS feed

A

They are PROTISTS that are HETEROTROPHS ( they ingest food)

. they feed on bacteria or other Protistants, or are parasitic

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52
Q

Eg of protozoan PROTIST

A

AMEBAS

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53
Q

AMEBAS

A

Are protozoan PROTISTS that lack flagella and move about by means of pseudopods

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54
Q

What do amebas use to move

A

Pseudopods

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55
Q

PSEUDOPODS are used by amebas to do what

A

To move
Surround and capture prey
They are cytoplasmic extensions

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56
Q

The contrast of amebas ( PROTOZOANS )

A

FLAGELLATES and CILIATES

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57
Q

FLAGELLATES

A

Are PROTOZOANS ( PROTISTS) that move with a whip like flagella

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58
Q

Ciliates

A

Are PROTOZOANS that move around with short cilia which are also used to funnel water

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59
Q

Cilia

A

Short hairlike rhythmically beating organelles on the surface of certain cells that provide mobility or move fluids , as in PROTOZOANS

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60
Q

Flagella

A

Whip like appendage that serve for movement as in PROTOZOANS

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61
Q

DOMAIN is made up of 3 groups

A

Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
Domain Eukaryota

62
Q

ALGAE

A

Eukaryotic Protistans that are photosynthetic ( they all have chloroplasts that contain CHLOROPHYLL A

. Can be both unicellular and multicellular

63
Q

2 forms that algae exist

A

. In water bodies ( flagellated cells that swim)

. Or organized into loose assemblages of cells that form colonies

64
Q

SEAWEEDS

A

Marine algae that have complex multicellular bodies ( brown , red, green algae, kelp)

65
Q

How do algae feed

A

They are photosynthetic so they are autotrophic

66
Q

Eg of brown algae

A

Fucus ( large macroscopic forms that attach to rocks)with HOLDFASTS and float with FLOATATION BLADDERS

67
Q

Kingdom FUNGI how do they feed

A

Heterotrophic eukaryotes that digest their food externally by excreting digestive enzymes then absorb the nutrients

68
Q

Most fungi have cell walls made of

A

CHITIN ( not cellulose)

69
Q

Give examples of fungi

A 
Yeast
Mushrooms
Toadstools
Rusts
Lichens
Molds
70
Q

What is the HYPHAE on fungus

A

Long branching filamentous structure of a fungus

71
Q

MYCELIUM

A

The hyphae collectively form a complex interbranching network

72
Q

MUSHROOM

A

A fungi that consist of tightly packed hyphae and is the reproductive structure produced by the underground mycelium ( mycelium is made up of hyphae)

73
Q

what key role do fugi play in the ecosystem

A

They are decomposers

74
Q

MYCORRHIZAE ( fungus root)

A

Mutualistic relationship between plant root and fungus

Myc= fungus
Rhyz= root
The fungal hyphae provide phosphorus to the plant roots and while the plant provides sugars to the fungus

75
Q

why are mycorrhizae associations important

A

95 % of all vascular plants have mycorrhizae

76
Q

The 2 largest groups of fungi are

A
  1. Ascomycetes

2. Basidlomycetes

77
Q

Ascomycetes

Asco= bag or bladder or sac, mycetes = bellflower

A

Aka SAC FUNGI
Are the largest group

they include 
Unicellular yeast
Cup fungi
Truffles
Morels
78
Q

Ascomycetes and basidiomycetes all form sexual spores known as

A

ASCI

79
Q

the fruit bodies of ascomycetes are

A

ASCOCARPS
ASCO= sacs
Carps= fruit

80
Q

BASIDIOMYCETES
Basidio= pedestal
Mycetes= bellflower

They include

A 
Mushrooms
Shelf fungi
Puffballs
Rusts
Smuts
81
Q

The fruiting bodies of BASIDIOMYCETES are called

A

Basidiocarps

82
Q

LICHEN

A

Is a symbiotic( mutulistic) relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner( usually a green algae or cyanobacteria.

83
Q

The scientific name of a lichen is

A

The name of the fungus that forms the lichen

84
Q

Kingdom plantae consists of

A

Photosynthetic eukaryotes

85
Q

The 5 groups of plantae are

A 
Mosses
Liverworts
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
86
Q

Data suggest that the 5 groups of plants descended from

A

A single species of green algae

87
Q

Vascular tissue of plants are used to

A

Transport substances through the plants

88
Q

Reproduction of plants include ALTERNATION OF GENERATION

A

Haploid and diploid stages alternate in life cycles

89
Q

How many phyla of plants exist

A

12

90
Q

BRYOPHYTES

A 
NONVASCULAR PLANTS 
Common name refers to memebers of 3 genetically diverse plant phyla that include
1. Mosses
2. Liverworts
3. Hornworts
91
Q

NONVASCULAR PLANTS lack

A

True vascular tissue for transporting water and nutrients

92
Q

The leafy portion of the moss is called

A

GAMETOPHYTE ( haploid stage) ( 1 n)

93
Q

the yellow brownish stalks of mosses are called

A

SPOROPHYTES ( diploid stage 2 n) produces spores

94
Q

A SPORE

A

A reproductive cell capable of growing into a adult plant without fertilization ( union of egg and sperm)
Reproduce ASEXUALLY

95
Q

Ferns are also called

A

Pterophyta

96
Q

Fern structure and reproduction

A

VASCULAR, reproduce by spore rather than seeds

.

97
Q

The leafy part of the fern is called

A

SPOROPHYTE 2 n diploid stage

98
Q

Ferns underground horizontal stems are called

A

RHIZOMES From which leaves unfurl ( FRONDS)

99
Q

FRONDS

A

The leaves that unfurl from RHIZOMES

100
Q

The roots of ferns emerge from

A

The sides of rhizomes

101
Q

Spores are produced in special structures known as

A

SPORANGIA ( located on the underside of the leaf in clusters called SORI

102
Q

SORI of ferns

A

are clusters of spORANGIA found underneath the leaves

103
Q

Ferns aka

A

PYTEROPHYTA

104
Q

2 types of seeds plants are

A

GYMNOSPERM

ANGIOSPERM

105
Q

SEED

A

A complex structure that includes embryonic sporophytes that is surrounded by nutritive tissue and a seed coat

106
Q

Stages of a plant seed

A 
Adaptive stage ( allows the plants to disperse widely)
Dormant stage( allows embryo to survive until appropriate environment
107
Q

GYMNOSPERMS are and Include

A

Cycads
Gringos
CONIFERS
They are plants that have seeds but have no flowers

108
Q

Eg of conifers

A 
Pine
Firs
Spruces
Cedars
Junipers
Cypresses
Redwoods

Most are evergreen

109
Q

RESIN

A

Resin found in the linear leaves of conifers a chemical that deters insects and fungal attack

110
Q

The CONES of conifers

A

Special reproductive structures that produce either
pollen ( male cones) or
Seeds ( female cones)

111
Q

ANGIOSPERMS

A

Flowering plants ANTHOPYTA

112
Q

2 major groups of angiosperms

A

Monocots

EUDICOTS

113
Q

MONOCOTS INCLUDE

A 
Lillies
Orchids
Palms
Grasses
Comprise of 23% of all flowering plants
114
Q

EUDICOTS

A

Include more typical flowers

Sunflowers petunias roses oaks

115
Q

Monocots have a single seed leaf called

A

COTYLEDON

116
Q

EUDICOTS ( dicots )

A

Have 2 cotyledons

117
Q

The leaf venation of monocots

A

Parallel

And flowering parts mostly come in 3s or multiple of 3

118
Q

The venation and flowering of EUDICOTS

A

Network of veins

Flowers come mostly in 4s or 5s

119
Q

COTYLEDON

A

Is the leaf of the embryo of a seed

120
Q

PRORIFERA

A

Sponges in the animalia kingdom

121
Q

Sponges have CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION which means

A

Their cells have specialized so that different cells perform different functions , but similar cells are not organized into tissues

122
Q

How do water move through sponges

A

Through a system of pores and canals
Water is driven by the beating of flagella that are located on specialized cells that line the internal canals and opening of sponges

123
Q

How do sponges feed

A

They are FILTER FEEDERS

124
Q

Why are sponges important ecologically

A
  1. With corals and algae create the physical structure of coral reefs
  2. They filter water reducing turbidity( muddy water) with interferes with photosynthesis
125
Q

Bath sponges vs other types

A

They consist mostly of collagen fibers( SPONGIN) while others have both SPONGIN and SPICULES ( made of mineral deposits)

126
Q

CNIDARIA include

A

Jellyfishes
Hydras
Sea anemones
Corals

127
Q

The structure of CNIDARIA

A

Radially symmetric
TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION without organs
Have 2-3 layers
GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY ( a single exterior opening that serves as mouth and anus ( often with tentacles surrounding it)

128
Q

The 2 body forms of Cnidaria are

A

MEDUSA

POLYP

129
Q

MEDUSA

A

Free swimming or floating
. Mouth on the concave side
. Tentacles originate at the rim of the umbrella

130
Q

POLYPS

A

. Are permanently attached
. One end is attached to the substrate and the other end is a mouth usually surrounded but tentatacles found at the opposite end
. They may occur in colonies which each have a specific jod ( feeding, defense, reproduction

131
Q

CORALS

A

CNIDARIAS that are colonial species that lack medusa stage and have colonial polyps

132
Q

CORAL POLYPS

A

Secrete protective mineral deposits around their bodies that are the building blocks for coral reefs

133
Q

NEMATOCYTES

A

Organelles do Cnidaria that are used to prey and deter predators
. Each contain a coiled thread with barbs that may be poisoned( the poison is driven through byHYDROSTATIC PRESSURE)

134
Q

Major parts of the MOLLUSCA are

A

.head ( highly cephalized)
. Muscular foot adjacent to the head
. MANTLE

135
Q

MANTLE of a MOLLUSCA

A

A sheath of tissue formed from the dorsal body wall.
. Surrounds the mantle cavity and may assist in gas exchange and secretion of shell
. The mantle produces the animals shell

136
Q

CEPHALAPODS

A

Are MOLLUSCA that predatory to fish and other MOLLUSCA

137
Q

MOLLUSCA include

A 
Oysters
Slugs
Schistosomiasis ( parasitic infection by snails)
Snails 
Clams
Squidsqfb
138
Q

ANNELIDA

A

Segmented worms

139
Q

Annelids include

A

Earthworms
Polychaete worms
Leeches

140
Q

Segmentation of Annelida is also called

A

METAMERISM

A body segment is called a METAMERE ( they contain elements of body systems
. It increases the efficiency of body movement allowing the effect of muscle contractions to be extremely localized
.

141
Q

ANTHROPODA

A 
Include insects
Crustaceans
Spiders
Scorpions 
Centipede
142
Q

TAGMATA OF ANTHROPODS

A

specialized body regions which include the
head
thorax and
abdomen

143
Q

The condition of fusion of the TAGMATA is called

A

TAGMOSIS

144
Q

The exterior of ANTHROPODA

A

EXOSKELETON made of CHITIN

145
Q

How do ANTHROPODS grow

A

ECDYSIS

molting the exoskeleton

146
Q

Most ANTHROPODS are DIOECIOUS

A

Have paired reproductive organs ( ovaries and testes)
. Reproduction is internal
. Most lay eggs
. Metamorphism

147
Q

ECHINODERMATA include

A

Have pentaradia symmetry

Include sea stars, sea cucumber, sea urchins, sand dollars

148
Q

The outer layer of Echinodermata

A

Cancerous endoskeleton composed of separate plates or ossicles

149
Q

Echinodermata internal plumbing

A

A water vascular system whic function in part to operate tube feet which are used to pry open shells( the stomach is everted and digestive juices released on the prey.

150
Q

CHORDATA consist of

A

. Vertebrates

.2 in vertebrate groups ( sea squirts and amphioxus)

151
Q

NOTOCHORD

A

A rod that extends most of the length of the body when fully developed

152
Q

Characteristics of Chordata

A

Dorsal
Hollow verve cord
Tail projecting beyond the anus
Endoskeleton

Biology Lab 115 (9 decks)

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