Lab 5 - Online Anatomy - Organ systems and reviewing tissue types Flashcards
What are the two types of sweat glands
- Merocrine glands
- Epocrine glands
Mode of secretion for Merocrine glands
Exocytosis
Mode of secretion for Apocrine glands
Exocytosis
Where are Merocrine glands found
In Dermis
Where are Apocrine glands found
In armpits and area between anus and genitalia
What is the role of the skeletal system in relation to the urinary system
Ribs protect kidney from external trauma
Protects bladder
What is relationship between urinary system and reproductive system
Genetic information combined back into uterus
What is the effector in lactation and which are the control center organs
Oxytocin hormone
What type of gland is the mammary gland, and what is its mode of secretion?
Modified sweat gland
Merocrine and Exocrine
What is the stimulus for lactation?
Sucking
How does thermoregulation show negative feedback
Peripheral thermoreceptors detect increase in body temp
Information sent to hypothalamus
Effectors
Blood vessels respond with vasodilation to increase heat loss
Sweat glands - produce sweat to increase water evaporation and heat loss
Epidermis
- The outermost layer of skin
- Rich in keratin – tough and strong – cells not damaged
Contains 4 different cell types…. Keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans Cells and Merkel cells. - Forms a waterproof barrier between internal and external environment – resists friction, water loss and microbial invasion
- Continuously divide so they can replace each other – replenishing epidermis
- Receives nutrients that diffuse through tissue fluid.
- Does not contain any blood vessels, but receives nourishment instead from the capillaries in the dermis below.
Dermis
• Dense irregular collagen rich connective tissue.
- Vascularised – lots of O2 and nutrients
- Lies beneath epidermis and is much thicker compared to it
- Attached to the underlying hypodermis
- Contains two types of fibers: Collagen fibers and elastic fibers.
- Provides it with nutrients for epidermal growth and plays a role in thermoregulation
- Contains macrophages - prevent pathogen invasion
- Connective tissue: Pliability and strength of skin and resistance to stretching forces ( collagen Elastic fibers – recoil properties
Hypodermis
-Composed of connective tissue that contains fat, blood vessels and sensory receptors.
• Insulator
• Stores adipose tissue
• Protective cushion
Sweat gland
Secrete salt and water as sweat, the evaporation of which helps to lower body temperature.
Hair Follicle
- A sac which the hair grows from and where the sebaceous gland opens from
- Follicle lined by cells that are from epidermal layer of skin
Sebaceous gland
- Produces sebum – oily secretion – prevents the skin and hair from becoming dry and brittle
Functions of urinary system
- Regulates blood Ph –Hydrogen ions are excreted in variable amounts that directly increase or decrease blood pH and the concentration of bicarbonate ions – important pH buffer can be altered
- Regulating blood ionic composition – kidneys regulating concentration of various ions in the blood including sodium, potassium e.t.c..
- Maintenance of blood osmolarity – kidneys do this through independent regulation of solutes and water .
- Regulates blood pressure – regulated by the kidney through secretion and subsequent activity of renin – changes in concentration of this = changes in blood pressure. Higher renin – higher bp.
- Regulation of blood glucose: When blood glucose levels fall, kidneys synthesize new glucose molecules via gluconeogenesis = blood glucose levels to rise again
- Excretion of waste and toxins – urine produced by removing unwanted waste products from body
Arrector pilli muscle:
- formed by smooth muscle cells which extend from the hair follicle to the papillary layer of the dermis.
- it is innervated by the autonomic nervous system and has a major role in thermoregulation (ie causing hair to stand up)
Pacinian corpuscle:
- Large oval structure located throughout dermis, in subcutaneous, deeper region
- Adapts rapidly to stimuli and involved in sensing pressure.
What is histology:
A 2D representation of a complex 3D structure
Which organ system are the adrenal glands apart of:
Endocrine system
Which hormone types released by the adrenal glands:
Androgens – converted to testosterone and oestrogens by gonads – part of reproductive
System. Regulate reproductive system, muscular system, nervous system and respiratory system
Role of adrenal glands:
- Regulate metabolism
- Immune system function
- Response to stress
Where are the adrenal glands located:
On the superior surface of each kidney
What are the adrenal glands composed of:
Three tissue regions:
Capsule ( made up of connective tissue )
Outer cortex
Inner medulla
What does kidney do:
- Excrete metabolic waste
* Regulate water volume
What does ureter do:
Takes urine from kidney to bladder
What is urinary bladder:
Temporary urine storage:
What is role of urethra:
Tube which you pee through
Do feedback systems only involve nervous regulation…
NO
Use electrical through neurons and chemical through hormones
What is the components of a feedback loop in order:
- Stimulus
- Receptor
- Control centre
- Effector
Which methods does the body use to maintain homeostasis:
Positive and negative feedback
Match each of the following components of a feedback loop with an appropriate example:
Component Example control centre ion concentration stimulus mechanoreceptors receptor hypothalamus effector organs
Examples of positive feedback loops:
During labour:
- A hormone called oxytocin is released that intensifies and speeds up contractions.
- The increase in contractions causes more oxytocin to be released and the cycle goes on until the baby is born.
- The birth ends the release of oxytocin and ends the positive feedback mechanism.
Blood clotting:
• Once a vessel is damaged, platelets start to cling to the injured site and release chemicals that attract more platelets.
• The platelets continue to pile up and release chemicals until a clot is formed.
