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Biology lab > Lab 5 - Online Anatomy - Organ systems and reviewing tissue types > Flashcards

Lab 5 - Online Anatomy - Organ systems and reviewing tissue types Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands

A
  • Merocrine glands

- Epocrine glands

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2
Q

Mode of secretion for Merocrine glands

A

Exocytosis

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3
Q

Mode of secretion for Apocrine glands

A

Exocytosis

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4
Q

Where are Merocrine glands found

A

In Dermis

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5
Q

Where are Apocrine glands found

A

In armpits and area between anus and genitalia

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6
Q

What is the role of the skeletal system in relation to the urinary system

A

Ribs protect kidney from external trauma

Protects bladder

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7
Q

What is relationship between urinary system and reproductive system

A

Genetic information combined back into uterus

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8
Q

What is the effector in lactation and which are the control center organs

A

Oxytocin hormone

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9
Q

What type of gland is the mammary gland, and what is its mode of secretion?

A

Modified sweat gland

Merocrine and Exocrine

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10
Q

What is the stimulus for lactation?

A

Sucking

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11
Q

How does thermoregulation show negative feedback

A

Peripheral thermoreceptors detect increase in body temp
Information sent to hypothalamus
Effectors
Blood vessels respond with vasodilation to increase heat loss
Sweat glands - produce sweat to increase water evaporation and heat loss

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12
Q

Epidermis

A
  • The outermost layer of skin
  • Rich in keratin – tough and strong – cells not damaged
    Contains 4 different cell types…. Keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans Cells and Merkel cells.
  • Forms a waterproof barrier between internal and external environment – resists friction, water loss and microbial invasion
  • Continuously divide so they can replace each other – replenishing epidermis
  • Receives nutrients that diffuse through tissue fluid.
  • Does not contain any blood vessels, but receives nourishment instead from the capillaries in the dermis below.
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13
Q

Dermis

A

• Dense irregular collagen rich connective tissue.

  • Vascularised – lots of O2 and nutrients
  • Lies beneath epidermis and is much thicker compared to it
  • Attached to the underlying hypodermis
  • Contains two types of fibers: Collagen fibers and elastic fibers.
  • Provides it with nutrients for epidermal growth and plays a role in thermoregulation
  • Contains macrophages - prevent pathogen invasion
  • Connective tissue: Pliability and strength of skin and resistance to stretching forces ( collagen Elastic fibers – recoil properties
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14
Q

Hypodermis

A

-Composed of connective tissue that contains fat, blood vessels and sensory receptors.
• Insulator
• Stores adipose tissue
• Protective cushion

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15
Q

Sweat gland

A

Secrete salt and water as sweat, the evaporation of which helps to lower body temperature.

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16
Q

Hair Follicle

A
  • A sac which the hair grows from and where the sebaceous gland opens from
  • Follicle lined by cells that are from epidermal layer of skin
17
Q

Sebaceous gland

A
  • Produces sebum – oily secretion – prevents the skin and hair from becoming dry and brittle
18
Q

Functions of urinary system

A
  • Regulates blood Ph –Hydrogen ions are excreted in variable amounts that directly increase or decrease blood pH and the concentration of bicarbonate ions – important pH buffer can be altered
  • Regulating blood ionic composition – kidneys regulating concentration of various ions in the blood including sodium, potassium e.t.c..
  • Maintenance of blood osmolarity – kidneys do this through independent regulation of solutes and water .
  • Regulates blood pressure – regulated by the kidney through secretion and subsequent activity of renin – changes in concentration of this = changes in blood pressure. Higher renin – higher bp.
  • Regulation of blood glucose: When blood glucose levels fall, kidneys synthesize new glucose molecules via gluconeogenesis = blood glucose levels to rise again
  • Excretion of waste and toxins – urine produced by removing unwanted waste products from body
19
Q

Arrector pilli muscle:

A
  • formed by smooth muscle cells which extend from the hair follicle to the papillary layer of the dermis.
  • it is innervated by the autonomic nervous system and has a major role in thermoregulation (ie causing hair to stand up)
20
Q

Pacinian corpuscle:

A
  • Large oval structure located throughout dermis, in subcutaneous, deeper region
  • Adapts rapidly to stimuli and involved in sensing pressure.
21
Q

What is histology:

A

A 2D representation of a complex 3D structure

22
Q

Which organ system are the adrenal glands apart of:

A

Endocrine system

23
Q

Which hormone types released by the adrenal glands:

A

Androgens – converted to testosterone and oestrogens by gonads – part of reproductive
System. Regulate reproductive system, muscular system, nervous system and respiratory system

24
Q

Role of adrenal glands:

A
  • Regulate metabolism
  • Immune system function
  • Response to stress
25
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located:

A

On the superior surface of each kidney

26
Q

What are the adrenal glands composed of:

A

Three tissue regions:
 Capsule ( made up of connective tissue )
 Outer cortex
 Inner medulla

27
Q

What does kidney do:

A
  • Excrete metabolic waste

* Regulate water volume

28
Q

What does ureter do:

A

Takes urine from kidney to bladder

29
Q

What is urinary bladder:

A

Temporary urine storage:

30
Q

What is role of urethra:

A

Tube which you pee through

31
Q

Do feedback systems only involve nervous regulation…

A

NO

Use electrical through neurons and chemical through hormones

32
Q

What is the components of a feedback loop in order:

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Receptor
  3. Control centre
  4. Effector
33
Q

Which methods does the body use to maintain homeostasis:

A

Positive and negative feedback

34
Q

Match each of the following components of a feedback loop with an appropriate example:

A 
Component	Example
control centre	ion concentration
stimulus	mechanoreceptors
receptor	hypothalamus
effector	organs
35
Q

Examples of positive feedback loops:

A

During labour:

  • A hormone called oxytocin is released that intensifies and speeds up contractions.
  • The increase in contractions causes more oxytocin to be released and the cycle goes on until the baby is born.
  • The birth ends the release of oxytocin and ends the positive feedback mechanism.

Blood clotting:
• Once a vessel is damaged, platelets start to cling to the injured site and release chemicals that attract more platelets.
• The platelets continue to pile up and release chemicals until a clot is formed.

Biology lab (13 decks)

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