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Biology lab > Lab 2 - Histology of Cells > Flashcards

Lab 2 - Histology of Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Epithelial Cell

A
  • Protective, secretory or absorptive surface
  • Movement of substances into and out of body
  • Found at lining and coverings in the body
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2
Q

Red blood cells

A
  • Bind to oxygen in lungs and carry it to tissues = exchanged for CO2
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3
Q

White blood cells

A

Identify, capture and eliminate invading pathogens or foreign particles.

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4
Q

Osteoblasts

A
  • OSTEO = BONE
  • Bone – producing cells
  • Present in bone marrow and other connective tissues
  • Synthesize and secrete collagen fibres, and other organic components – used to build extracellular matrix of bone tissue and initiate calcification.
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5
Q

Fibroblasts

A
  • Large, flat branching support cells present in most connective tissue
  • Secrete fibres e.g. collagen and some ground substance component of extracellular matrix.
  • Wound healing
  • Structural framework for tissues
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6
Q

Skeletal muscle cells

A
  • Found attached to skeleton via tendons, or through connective tissue sheet
  • Voluntary control - contract and relax
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7
Q

Smooth muscle cells

A
  • Found in walls of internal organs, blood vessels and internal muscles of eye
  • Involuntary
  • Helps to propel and expel liquid within and from the body
  • Helps to regulate diameter of blood vessels
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8
Q

Nerve cells

A
  • Main functional cells of nervous system
  • Have long extensions – sensitive to external stimuli = respond to, and communicate information through electrical and chemical signals
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9
Q

Sperm cell

A
  • Found in the male

- Travel to and fertilize ovum

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10
Q

Ovum

A
  • Found in female

- Fuse with sperm cell and form zygote

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11
Q

How do oxygen and CO2 transport across cell membrane and why

A

Passively

Have no charge

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12
Q

Name three types of integral proteins and examples of these molecules/ions

A
  • Carrier protein
  • Protein channel
  • Receptor proteins
  • Glucose, Sodium and Potassium
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13
Q

If an integral protein requires energy to transport a molecule across the plasma membrane, it is described as….

A

Active transport

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14
Q

Why do we have cholesterol in our plasma membrane?

A

Maintain structural stability and fluidity.
- If temperature too low phospholipids prevent them packing close together and if the temperature is too high, it holds phospholipids together.

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15
Q

Which component of the plasma membrane is vital for restoring membrane integrity if the membrane is damaged? and explain how and why it maintains integrity.

A

Phospholipid bilayer - amphipathic property…
If membrane is damaged it will automatically reform into a bilayer - hyrdophilic heads face out attracting water and hydrophobic tails face away from water repelling it..
IN WATER PHOSPHOLIPIDS AUTOMATICALLY FORM BILAYER DUE TO THIS NATURE

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16
Q

What makes up the glycocalyx, and what function does it serve?

A
  • Sugar coating attached to it, the carbohydrates

- Cell recognition and adhesion – glue

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17
Q

What does the cytoplasm consist of

A
  • Cytosol
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Inclusions
  • Membrane bound organelles
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18
Q

What is the cytoskeleton

A

Skeleton of cell composed of protein filaments scattered throughout the cytoplasm

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19
Q

What are the 3 type of protein filaments in the cytoskeleton

A
  • Actin filaments
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Microtubules
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20
Q

What are actin filaments

A
  • Thinnest and shortest
  • Thin strands of actin monomers twisted in helix
  • Edge of cytoplasm
  • Found in muscle cells - movement
  • Mechanical support - give shape and strength to cells e,g. integral proteins
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21
Q

What are intermediate filaments

A
  • Thicker than actin
  • Very tough and durable - more stable and strong than others
  • Prominent in places with mechanical stress
  • Rapidly from and fall apart
  • Takes up most of cytoskeleton
  • Basket around nucleus and extends outwards
  • Anchors organelles in places in cell
  • Keratin - waterproof barrier
22
Q

What are microtubules

A
  • Thickest and longest
  • Long tubes of tubulin proteins arranged into long tubes - twisted
  • Contribute to cell shape and structure
  • Facilitate movement of organelles - found in places where you want something extracellular to move around - e.g. tracheae - mucus - trap dirt, photoreceptors - cilia - move
23
Q

What does the nucleus consist of

A
  • Nucleolus - makes ribosomes
  • Nuclear envelope - double membrane around nucleus
  • Nucleoplasm - jelly like fluid containing dissolved ions, nutrients and other solutes.
  • Chromatin - makes up chromosomes - contains genetic info
24
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Most abundant
  • Produces energy
  • ATP - aerobic respiration - glycloysis
  • 0.1 - 0.2 micrometres
25
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Very small - 20-30nm
  • Makes proteins
  • Consists of protein and RNA
  • Formed in nucleus, exit through nuclear pores
26
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Folds and processes proteins made in the ribosomes

- Found in cells that make protein for export e.g. plasma cells ( antibodies )

27
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Synthesises and processes lipids

- Found in muscle - calcium storage - muscle contraction

28
Q

What is Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Series of thin membrane sacs

29
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • Series of flat membrane stacks associated with tiny vesicles
  • It modifies and packages new lipids and proteins. -
  • Makes lysosomes
  • Two sides….
    • CIS = side facing ER where vesicles from ER fuse
    • TRANS = modified and packaged proteins leave from here for transport to other parts of cell.
30
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • Packaged by Golgi Apparatus
  • 0.05 - 0.2 micrometres diameter
  • Contains digestive enzymes - phagocytosis
31
Q

What are the three types of specialised cell - cell junctions

A
  • Gap junctions
  • Occluding ( tight ) junctions
  • Anchoring junctions - desmosomes
32
Q

Example of occluding junction

A

Between epithelial cells lining the digestive tract keep digestive enzymes and microorganisms in the intestine from leaking into the bloodstream

33
Q

Anchoring junctions

A
  • Adjacent cells joined by joined by fibres from cytoskeleton
  • Found in places with mechanical stress
  • Stength, support and protection
  • Proteins join together, cells can’t pull apart
34
Q

What are gap junctions

A
  • Directly connect cytoplasms of two different cells = molecules diffuse from one cell to the next e.g. nutrients. This is done by CONNEXONS that connect cells.
  • Channels between neighboring cells that allow for the transport of ions, water, and other substances
  • Involves integral proteins which fuse to each other - each protein = channel/pore. Gate opens = free movement of molecules
35
Q

Example of gap junction

A
  • Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle: the electrical signal to contract spreads rapidly between heart muscle cells as ions pass through gap junctions, allowing the cells to contract
  • Lens - nutrients by aqueous humour via gap junction as no blood vessels/supplt
36
Q

What are microfilaments

A

Contractile element of cytoskeleton

37
Q

What is mitochondria

A

Scattered throughout a cell. Moves to where energy is required most

38
Q

What are inclusions

A

Stores triglycerides – fat droplets

39
Q

What is SER

A

Site of lipid formation

40
Q

What is microvilli

A

Extensions of the plasma membrane that increase surface area

41
Q

What is nucleus

A

Control centre of cell

42
Q

What is RER

A

Packing site for ribosomes

43
Q

What is nucleolous

A

Site of protein synthesis for export

44
Q

What are centrioles

A

Two rod shaped bodies near the nucleus; involved in microtubule dynamics

45
Q

What is plasma membrane

A

External boundary of the cell; regulates flow of materials into and out of the cell; site of signaling.

46
Q

What is chromatin

A

Genetic material

47
Q

What are cytosolic ribosomes

A

Synthesizes cytosolic proteins

48
Q

What is lysosome

A

Contains digestive enzymes

49
Q

What is an alternative name for gap junctions in cardiac muscle?

A

Intercalated disk

50
Q

What organelle does a lysosome bud off from?

A

Golgi complex

51
Q

Which filament of the cytoskeleton is thickest?

A

Microtubules

52
Q

Which organelles are involved in protein synthesis for export from a cell?

A

Nucleus, Ribosomes, RER (rough contains the proteins), golgi apparatus and vesicles

Biology lab (13 decks)

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