(Lab 5) Introduction to the Skeleton

Question 1

What are the two primary functions of bones?

Answer 1

1. Structural Function
2. Physiological Function

Question 2

Describe the Structural Function of our bones.

Answer 2

1. Bones protect vital organs- acting as armor.
2. Bones are where muscles attach.

Question 3

Describe the Physiological Function of our bones.

Answer 3

1. Our bones store important nutrients.
2. Red bone marrow produces new blood cells.
3. Yellow bone marrow stores fat cells.

Question 4

What is Connective Tissue? Give two examples.

Answer 4

1. Connective tissue is body tissue made of cells. What keeps the body connected structurally.
2. Bones & Cartilage.

Question 5

What is Cartilage? Where can we see cartilage?

Answer 5

1.Cartilage is a type of flexible connective tissue.
2. Cartilage is found in our joints. (and ears and noses, etc.)

Question 6

What is an Articulation?

Answer 6

Also known as a joint, where two bones meet and connect.

Question 7

What are the three primary types of Articulations?

Answer 7

1. Fibrous Joints
2. Cartilaginous Joints
3. Synovial Joints

Question 8

What are Fibrous Joints? Give an example.

Answer 8

1. This a joint united by fibrous fibrous connective tissue that allows for little or no movement.
2. (ex. bones of the skull)

Question 9

What is a Cartilaginous Joint? Give an example.

Answer 9

1. A joint united by cartilage that allows for some movement.
2. The joints between spinal vertebrae.

Question 10

What is a Synovial Joint? Give an example.

Answer 10

1. A highly mobile joint held together by ligaments and irregular connect tissue.
2. The knee or shoulder joint.

Question 11

What makes a Synovial Joint so mobile?

Answer 11

There is a small gap between the two bones filled by slippery synovial fluid- this allows for more mobility.

Question 12

What is the organic/ inorganic ratio of bone tissue?

Answer 12

1 organic: 2 inorganic

Question 13

What are the two primary types of bone tissue?

Answer 13

1. Woven Bone
2. Lamellar Bone

Question 14

What is Woven Bone?

Answer 14

Woven bone is a type of bone tissue that is “unorganized” and can be considered developing bone. (children or breakage)

Question 15

What is Lamellar Bone?

Answer 15

Lamellar Bone is a mature and “organized” bone tissue.

Question 16

What are the two types of Lamellar Bone?

Answer 16

1. Trabecular Bone
2. Cortical Bone

Question 17

What is Trabecular Bone?

Answer 17

A type of Lamellar bone, the internal- spongy tissue.

Question 18

What is Cortical Bone?

Answer 18

A type of Lamellar Bone, the external tissue of the bone- strong and smooth.

Question 19

What are the three types of bone cells? What are their functions?

Answer 19

1. Osteoblasts (form bone)
2. Osteocytes (maintain bone)
3. Osteoclasts (remove bone)

Question 20

What is Bone Remodeling? What yourself through the process- including the bone cells.

Answer 20

1. The process of bone resorption and reformation.
2. Osteoclasts scrub away old bone, osteoblasts build new bone and as they build they become trapped in the bone and convert to osteocytes- that maintain the bone.

Question 21

What are the four benefits/purposes of bone remodeling?

Answer 21

1. Natural growth & development
2. To extract nutrients
   (important nutrients are kept within the bones, so sometimes little holes are created to release them, before getting filled back up)
3. To repair damage
4. To meet functional/ biochemical challenges
   (“use it or lose it”)

Question 22

What are the four bone shape classifications?

Answer 22

1. Long bone
2. Short bone
3. Flat bone
4. Irregular bone

Question 23

What is a Fossa?

Answer 23

A shallow depression in a bone.

Question 24

Differentiate between:
1. Foramina (Foramen)
2. Canals

Answer 24

1. A simple hole
2. A narrow tube of bone- tunnel like.

Question 25

What is a Fossae? (Fossa)

Answer 25

Just an indentation on the bone surface, may be referred to as a depression or groove.

Question 26

What is the Axial Skeleton? What is the Appendicular Skeleton?

Answer 26

1. The bones that lie along the midline/ central axis of the body. 2. the bones of the appendages and where they connect

Question 27

Directional Terminology: Superior Vs. Inferior

Answer 27

1. (Superior) Above 2. (Inferior) Below

Question 28

Directional Terminology: Medial Vs. Lateral

Answer 28

1. (Medial) Closer to the midline. 2. (Lateral) Further from the midline.

Question 29

Directional Terminology: Anterior Vs. Posterior

Answer 29

1. (Anterior) The front. 2. (Posterior) The back.

Question 30

Directional Terminology: Dorsal Vs. Ventral

Answer 30

1. (Dorsal) The back. 2. (Ventral) The belly/ front. Used when referring to other animals.

Question 31

Directional Terminology: Proximal Vs. Distal

Answer 31

1. (Proximal) Closer to the trunk of the body. 2. (Distal) Further from the trunk of the body.

Question 32

What is the Medial Tibular Maleolous? What is the Lateral Tibular Maleolous?

Answer 32

The bump on the inner ankle and the outer ankle.

Question 33

What is the Ulnar Styloid Process?

Answer 33

The bump on our wrist.

Question 34

How do we differentiate between male and female pelvis'?

Answer 34

Male Characteristics: - more circle-shaped hole - more curved coccyx Female Characteristics: - more oval-shaped hole - generally wider - wider pubic arch

Question 35

How can you tell if a Humerus is left or right? How can you tell if a Femur is left or right?

Answer 35

1. The Olecranon Fossa is posterior. (the bumps are also on the front- like a fork) 2. The ridge on the shaft is posterior.