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Anthropology > (Lab 5) Introduction to the Skeleton > Flashcards

(Lab 5) Introduction to the Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two primary functions of bones?

A
  1. Structural Function
  2. Physiological Function
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2
Q

Describe the Structural Function of our bones.

A
  1. Bones protect vital organs- acting as armor.
  2. Bones are where muscles attach.
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3
Q

Describe the Physiological Function of our bones.

A
  1. Our bones store important nutrients.
  2. Red bone marrow produces new blood cells.
  3. Yellow bone marrow stores fat cells.
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4
Q

What is Connective Tissue? Give two examples.

A
  1. Connective tissue is body tissue made of cells. What keeps the body connected structurally.
  2. Bones & Cartilage.
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5
Q

What is Cartilage? Where can we see cartilage?

A

1.Cartilage is a type of flexible connective tissue.
2. Cartilage is found in our joints. (and ears and noses, etc.)

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6
Q

What is an Articulation?

A

Also known as a joint, where two bones meet and connect.

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7
Q

What are the three primary types of Articulations?

A
  1. Fibrous Joints
  2. Cartilaginous Joints
  3. Synovial Joints
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8
Q

What are Fibrous Joints? Give an example.

A
  1. This a joint united by fibrous fibrous connective tissue that allows for little or no movement.
  2. (ex. bones of the skull)
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9
Q

What is a Cartilaginous Joint? Give an example.

A
  1. A joint united by cartilage that allows for some movement.
  2. The joints between spinal vertebrae.
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10
Q

What is a Synovial Joint? Give an example.

A
  1. A highly mobile joint held together by ligaments and irregular connect tissue.
  2. The knee or shoulder joint.
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11
Q

What makes a Synovial Joint so mobile?

A

There is a small gap between the two bones filled by slippery synovial fluid- this allows for more mobility.

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12
Q

What is the organic/ inorganic ratio of bone tissue?

A

1 organic: 2 inorganic

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13
Q

What are the two primary types of bone tissue?

A
  1. Woven Bone
  2. Lamellar Bone
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14
Q

What is Woven Bone?

A

Woven bone is a type of bone tissue that is “unorganized” and can be considered developing bone. (children or breakage)

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15
Q

What is Lamellar Bone?

A

Lamellar Bone is a mature and “organized” bone tissue.

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16
Q

What are the two types of Lamellar Bone?

A
  1. Trabecular Bone
  2. Cortical Bone
17
Q

What is Trabecular Bone?

A

A type of Lamellar bone, the internal- spongy tissue.

18
Q

What is Cortical Bone?

A

A type of Lamellar Bone, the external tissue of the bone- strong and smooth.

19
Q

What are the three types of bone cells? What are their functions?

A
  1. Osteoblasts (form bone)
  2. Osteocytes (maintain bone)
  3. Osteoclasts (remove bone)
20
Q

What is Bone Remodeling? What yourself through the process- including the bone cells.

A
  1. The process of bone resorption and reformation.
  2. Osteoclasts scrub away old bone, osteoblasts build new bone and as they build they become trapped in the bone and convert to osteocytes- that maintain the bone.
21
Q

What are the four benefits/purposes of bone remodeling?

A
  1. Natural growth & development
  2. To extract nutrients
    (important nutrients are kept within the bones, so sometimes little holes are created to release them, before getting filled back up)
  3. To repair damage
  4. To meet functional/ biochemical challenges
    (“use it or lose it”)
22
Q

What are the four bone shape classifications?

A
  1. Long bone
  2. Short bone
  3. Flat bone
  4. Irregular bone
23
Q

What is a Fossa?

A

A shallow depression in a bone.

24
Q

Differentiate between:
1. Foramina (Foramen)
2. Canals

A
  1. A simple hole
  2. A narrow tube of bone- tunnel like.
25
Q

What is a Fossae? (Fossa)

A

Just an indentation on the bone surface, may be referred to as a depression or groove.

26
Q

What is the Axial Skeleton?
What is the Appendicular Skeleton?

A
  1. The bones that lie along the midline/ central axis of the body.
  2. the bones of the appendages and where they connect
27
Q

Describe the location of the elbow using directional terminology.

A
28
Q

Directional Terminology:
Superior Vs. Inferior

A
  1. (Superior) Above
  2. (Inferior) Below
29
Q

Directional Terminology:
Medial Vs. Lateral

A
  1. (Medial) Closer to the midline.
  2. (Lateral) Further from the midline.
30
Q

Directional Terminology:
Anterior Vs. Posterior

A
  1. (Anterior) The front.
  2. (Posterior) The back.
31
Q

Directional Terminology:
Dorsal Vs. Ventral

A
  1. (Dorsal) The back.
  2. (Ventral) The belly/ front.
    Used when referring to other animals.
32
Q

Directional Terminology:
Proximal Vs. Distal

A
  1. (Proximal) Closer to the trunk of the body.
  2. (Distal) Further from the trunk of the body.

Anthropology (11 decks)

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