(Lab 16) Later Members of the Genus Homo

Question 1

What does it mean to be Orthognathic?

Answer 1

To have a flat face.

Question 2

What is a Occipital Torus?
What is a Occipital Bun?

Answer 2

1. A ridge of bone along the occipital bone that forms a small point when seen from the side.
2. A bulge of the occipital bone, looking like a rice bun.

Question 3

When did H. Erectus live?

Answer 3

1.8 MYA- 300 thousand years age

Question 4

Where did H. Erectus live?

Answer 4

Africa & Asia.

Question 5

Describe the cranial appearance of H. Erectus.

Answer 5

1. A long, low cranium with an occipital torus.
2. Smaller teeth than previous hominins (more meat.)
3. Pronounced brow ridges.

Question 6

What is an Obligate Biped?

Answer 6

An individual that uses standing on two legs as their primary mode of transportation.

Question 7

1. Which Hominin used Acheulean Tool Technology?
2. Describe these tools.

Answer 7

1. H. Erectus
2. These are bifaces fashioned into hand axes.

Question 8

What is a Biface?

Answer 8

This is a type of stone tool that has flakes of stone removed from two sides to form a point.

Question 9

Which Hominin was the first to leave Africa? When was this?

Answer 9

1. H. Erectus (they traveled to Asia)
2. Roughly 1.8MYA-800kYA

Question 10

There is a Anthological debate regarding the classification of H. Erectus. Describe it.

Answer 10

Some individuals stayed in Africa while others migrated to Asia, these groups have differing adaptations.
Some anthropologists argue the hominins that migrated to Asia should be classified separately. (h. ergaster)

Question 11

Where & when did Homo Heidelbergensis live?

Answer 11

600kYA- 130kYA (Africa)
200kYA-130kYA (Europe)

Question 12

Describe the cranial characteristics of H. Heidelbergensis.

Answer 12

1. Double arched brow ridge
2. Flatter face
3. Thick mandible and no chin.

Question 13

What was H. Heidelbergensis’ subsistence strategy?

Answer 13

They hunted big game cooperatively.

Question 14

Which hominin used Mousterian Technology?

Answer 14

Later members of H. Heidelbergensis.
Mastered by Neanderthals.

Question 15

What type of technology did H. Heidelbergensis use?

Answer 15

Mousterian Technology

Question 16

Describe Mousterian Technology.

Answer 16

These are flakes broken off of a larger stone then specialized to serve specific functions.

Question 17

What is the Levallois Technique?

Answer 17

The technique used when fashioning Mousterian tools.
1. A large stone is chosen.
2. Small flakes are removed.
3. Flakes are removed from one half of the stone- it resembles a tortoise shell.
4. A large flake is knocked off the side.

Question 18

When & where did Homo Neanderthalensis live?

Answer 18

1. 130kYA-30kYA (ice age)
2. Europe, Western Asia

Question 19

What are cranial traits unique to H. Neanderthalensis?

Answer 19

1. Incredibly large cranial capacities.
2. They had an occipital bun.
3. LARGE cranial opening

Question 20

What are non-cranial traits specific to Neanderthals?

Answer 20

1. They had stocky bodies to retain body heat.

Question 21

Which hominin cared for their sick, make jewelry and buried their dead?

Answer 21

Neanderthals

Question 22

In what ways did H. Sapiens and Neanderthals interact?

Answer 22

While they evolved separately, they did interbreed.

Question 23

When & where did H. Sapiens first appear?

Answer 23

Africa (200kYA)
Western Asia (90kYA)
Europe (35kYA)
Americas (12-15kYA)

Question 24

Describe the cranial traits of H. Sapiens.

Answer 24

1. A pronounced chin.
2. Circular and smaller skull.
3. A vertical forehead.

Question 25

What tool technology did H. Sapiens use?

Answer 25

Upper Paleolithic Technology.

Question 26

Describe Paleolithic Technology.

Answer 26

Flakes were fashioned into blades and were mass produced/ specialized.

Question 27

What are the three primary explanations for the origin of our species?

Answer 27

1. The Replacement Model
2. The Multiregional Model
3. The Assimilation Model

Question 28

What is the Replacement Model?

Answer 28

Homo sapiens originally evolved in Africa, they spread and out competed other hominin groups- rendering them the last hominin standing.

Question 29

What is the Multiregional Model?

Answer 29

These hominin species did not go “extinct” but instead evolved into H. Sapiens as we know them today through interbreeding.

Question 30

What is the Assimilation Model?

Answer 30

This model proposes that H. Sapiens did evolve in Africa and as they spread, they interbred and replaced the existing hominin populations.

Question 31

How can we tell that we first originated in Africa, and the order to which we populated each continent?

Answer 31

The further away from Africa we get, the less variation is found. This suggests that multiple founder effect situations occurred as humans moved out of Africa.

Question 32

Describe the unusual species H. Floresiensis.

Answer 32

“The Island Hobbits” that were affected by Island Dwarfism.

Question 33

List the evolutionary order of the hominins.

Answer 33

1. Australopithecus
2. Homo Habilis
3. Homo Erectus
4. Homo Heidelbergensis
5. (a) Homo Neanderthalensis
   (b) Homo Sapiens Sapiens

Question 34

What are Composite Tools? Who used them?

Answer 34

1. Tools made from multiple materials, such as wood/stone.
2. H. heidelbergensis was the first hominin to use composite tools.

Question 35

What are Chatelperronian tools?

Answer 35

These are blade-based tools used by the Neanderthals.

Question 36

Who invented…
1. Oldowan Tools
2. Acheleun Tools
3. Composite Tools
4. Mousterian Tools
5. Refined Mousterian Tools
6. Chatelperronian

Answer 36

1. H. Habilis
2. H. Erectus
3. H. Heidelbergensis
4. H. Heidelbergensis
5. H. Neanderthalensis
6. H. Neanderthalensis