Lab 5

Question 1

diabetes mellitus vs insipidus

Answer 1

mellitus = lots of urine, high glucose levels
insipidus = lots of DILUTE urine

Question 2

structures through which filtrate flows

Answer 2

proximal tubule, descending loop of henle, ascending loop of henle, distal tubule, collecting duct, ureter

Question 3

why is glucosuria NOT a sign of kidney disease

Answer 3

It occurs in all normal individuals in amounts up to 25 mg/dl (1–5). Abnormally increased glucosuria [more than 25 mg/dl in random fresh urine (4)], results from either an elevated plasma glucose, an impaired renal glucose absorptive capacity, or both.
when glucose transporters are at their transport maximum, there is glucose excretion
there should be NO proteins in the urine bc if small, they freely move across membrane and if large, they move via endocytosis

Question 4

how does vasopressin affect kidney?

Answer 4

When vasopressin acts on target cells, the collecting duct epithelium becomes permeable to water, allowing water to move out of the lumen ( Fig. 20.5a). Without vasopressin, although a concentration gradient is present across the epithelium, water remains in the tubule, producing dilute urine. vasopressin adds apq2 aquaporins. collecting duct normally does NOT have many aquaporins.

Question 5

what is indicates by the presence of
urobilnogen
hemoglobin
ketone
urea

Answer 5

urobilnogen - liver disease, the reduced version of bilirubin which is made in the liver to break down RBCs, jaundice, hep
hemoglobin - RBCs in urine, hemoglobinuria, hematuria, possible menstruation
ketone - diabetes mellius, any one w abnormal carb metabolism
urea - If your liver isn’t healthy, it may not break down proteins the way it should. And if your kidneys aren’t healthy, they may not properly filter urea. Either of these problems can lead to changes in the amount of urea nitrogen in your body. If you don’t have enough fluid in your body (are dehydrated), you may have extra urea in your blood because you aren’t passing much urine

Question 6

glomerular and pertibular capillary roles

Answer 6

glomerular capillaries - Glomerular capillaries have small pores in their walls, just like a very fine mesh sieve. arterioles maintain a high glomerular capillary pressure and the filtration function of the kidney, regardless of fluctuations in blood flow
peritubular capillaries - allow for secretion n reabsorption from lumen of tubules. Basically, they reabsorb useful substances such as glucose and amino acids and secrete certain mineral ions and excess water into the tubule.