Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 373 > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

how does the vertebrate CNS develop?

A

NEURULATION: folding of neural plate, allowing for formation of neural tube which will run down back and create spinal cord (dorsal nerve cord)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cephalization definition

A

bilateral symmetry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

describe the evolutionary pattern in formation of spinal cord

A

consolidation of PNS (only possible with cephalization) –> nerves
ventral nerve cord –> dorsal nerve cord –> spinal cord –> increasing role of forebrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

three regions of brain neural tube

A

forebrain (procephalon), midbrain (mesencephalon), hindbrain (rhombocephalon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does the forebrain develop into?

A

cerebrum and diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does the midbrain develop into?

A

midbrain remains as midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does hindbrain develop into?

A

medulla oblongata, cerebellum and pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the methods of protection for CNS?

A

bony cage (skull, vertebrae), meninges, fluid between layers (CSF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the meninges layers?

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater in that order

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how does arachnoid mater get its name?

A

cob-web like arrangement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where is fluid stored in the brain?

A

4 ventricles. 1&2 = lateral ventricles; 3 & 4 carries into a hollow central canal inside spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where does CSF originate?

A

3rd and 4th choroid plexus (inside the respective ventricles); they secrete 500mL CSF per day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the composition of CSF?

A

water, ions, vitamins, nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what role does the choroid plexus play?

A

controls CSF composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the extracellular fluids of the CNS?

A

interstitial fluid (surrounds neurons and glial cells), plasma (within cerebral blood vessels), CSF (within ventricular system, bathes external surfaces of the brain, between meninges)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

compare CSF and plasma

A

lower [ion], [glucose], and pH; similar Na+; VERY LOW PROTEIN, NO BLOOD CELLS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why would one perform a lumbar puncture?

A

to check protein and blood levels inside of CSF; suggests meningitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what cells make up the CSF? what are their function?

A

ependymal cells; creates barrier between compartments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the role of CSF?

A

clean out metabolite and toxins; does this by being removed and replaced often (4x/day)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the layers of brain involved in draining CSF?

A

subarachnoid space and dural sinus; CSF is absorbed into the venus dural sinus via arachnoid villi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the circulatory path of CSF?

A

lateral ventricles –> 3rd ventricles –> 4th ventricle –> central canal of spinal cord OR FLUSHED –> subarchnoid space – (via arachnoid villi) –> superior sagittal sinus – venus return to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the special features of cerebral vasculature?

A

astrocyte foot processes - secrete paracrine factors that promote tight junctions, which allow for thin capillaries & prevent solute movement between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what crosses the blood-brain barrier easily? what does not?

A

lipid-soluble molecules (ethanol) cross easily; hydrophilic substances (ions, AAs, peptides, proteins) need transport mechanisms to cross the blood-brain barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how do drug-developers handle the blood-brain barrier?

A

make the drug the shape of their goal - ie if they want something to cross the blood barrier (like a drug to treat Parkinson’s disease), make it the shape of an amino acid. if they don’t want something to cross (like antihistamines), making it lipid-soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the metabolic properties of neural tissue?

A

oxygen-dependent (cannot fall back on fermentation the way muscles can) - therefore O2 readily cosses blood brain barrier; glucose-dependent (brain uses 50% of body’s glucose requirement lmao); highly vascular bc it’s dependent on O2 and glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is hypoglycemia? what is the result of it?

A

low blood sugar; coma death

27
Q

what is the role of spinal cord?

A

path of info flow from brain to muscles/joints/glands/skin

28
Q

what are the divisions of the spinal cord? (from dorsal to ventral)

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

29
Q

what’s the major/most important nerve coming from the spinal cord?

A

vagus nerve

30
Q

where do parasympathetic nerves arise?

A

cranial + sacral

31
Q

where do sympathetic nerves arise?

A

thoracic + lumbar

32
Q

what nerves are associated with the dorsal root ganglion?

A

incoming = afferent

33
Q

what nerves are associated with the ventral root ganglion?

A

outgoing = efferent

34
Q

what’s happening in the white matter?

A

mostly travel - this is travel of information to the brain AFTER integration of information; all about speed, so highly myelinated

35
Q

what’s happening in the grey matter? what types of nuclei are found in the grey matter?

A

synapses and integration of information; no myelin obviously; sensory and motor nuclei

36
Q

what is happening in dorsal horn?

A

incoming somatic sensory nuclei (touch, pressure, pain); visceral sensory nuclei

37
Q

what is happening in ventral horn?

A

somatic motor nuclei synapses

38
Q

what is the brain stem? what nerves originate from it?

A

structures from mid and hindbrain; organised like spinal cord; most cranial nerves originate from brain stem - sensory and motor information for head and neck; vagus nerve(?);

39
Q

what is the reticular formation? where would you find its nuclei?

A

diffuse network of neurons involving processes such as arousal/sleep, muscle tone, coordination of breathing, blood pressure, etc; find nuclei of it in the brain stem

40
Q

what is happening in the lateral horn?

A

autonomic efferent nuclei

41
Q

what are the ascending tracts?

A 
dorsal columns (sacral/lumbar + thoracic/cervical) which respond to touch/pressure/pain; spinocerebellar tracts 
which responds to proprioception = posture + coordination; spinothalmic which respond to pain+temp
42
Q

what are the descending tracts?

A

lateral+ventromedial corticospinal tracts = voluntary movement

43
Q

what is the path of a reflex?

A

stimulus –> sensory neurons –> interneurons –> command to muscles or gland –> response; spinal reflex initiates response without input from brain

44
Q

where do cranial nerves originate from? what do they do?

A

brainstem; carry sensory and motor info for head/neck; cranial nerve X = vagus

45
Q

what are the different brain stem structures? what are their functions?

A

midbrain = coordination of eye movement, visual and auditory senses; pons = relay station between cerebrum and cerebellum incl. regulating breathing; medulla = control of involuntary functions = BP, breathing, swallowing, vomiting + ascending somatosensory tracts + descending corticospinal tracts + site of crossing over for more neurons

46
Q

what are the different functions of the medulla?

A

grey matter: control of involuntary functions (breathing, swallowing, vomiting)
white matter: asecnding somatosensory tracts + descending corticospinal tracts + site of crossing over (decussation) for most neurons in the corticospinal tract

47
Q

cerebellum function?

A

2nd largest structure of brain (after cerebrum), coordinates movement

48
Q

location of diencephalon? what are the different parts of it?

A

between brain stem and cerebrum; includes thamalamus, pineal gland, hypothalamus, and “pituitary gland”

49
Q

thalamus function?

A

relays and integrates information from the lower parts of the CNS, ears, eyes, motor info from cerebellum

50
Q

hypothalamus function?

A

tiny region of the brain but major centre for homeostasis; hunger, satiety, thirst, influences autonomic response, endocrine systems, regulates pituitary gland

51
Q

pinal gland

A

secretes melatonin; involved in regulation of circadian rhythms

52
Q

cereberum function?

A

largest region of brain; site of higher brain function

53
Q

four regions of cerebrum?

A

frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital

54
Q

what are the grooves called in cerebrum? what are the “raised” areas called?

A

sulcus = grooves, gyrus = raised

55
Q

what are the different regions of grey matter in cerebrum?

A

basal ganglia, limbic system, ceberal cortex

56
Q

role of basal ganglia?

A

coordinates movement

57
Q

role of limbic system?

A

coordinates fear/emotion with higher cognitive functoins

58
Q

what are the different functional areas of the cerebral cortex?

A

sensory areas (sensory input translation into perception), motor areas (control skeletal muscles), association areas (integrate information of sensory and motor areas)

59
Q

where is primary motor area?

A

right next to central sulcus (aka precentral gyrus), it contains cell bodies of primary ascending motor neurons

60
Q

where is the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

on ridges posterior to central sulcus = postcentral gyrus; terminals of ascending sensory pathways from skin, muscoskeletal system, viscera, info about touch/pressure/pain/temp/body postition

61
Q

where are the special senses located?

A

each have their own devoted area + assocation area eg primary vision cortex and visual association area are in occipital lobe

62
Q

what would a lot of fibres in the motor cortex mean?

A

fine movements, eg by hands/lips/tongue

63
Q

what would a lot of fibres in the somatosensory cortex mean?

A

sensitive area eg lips/hands

BIOL 373 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions