Lab 4 Hormones v 2.0 Flashcards
What are hormones?
chemical substances produced by particular glands or groups of cells, secreted into the bloodstream, and that elicit specific responses fromdistant cells and organs.
Different types of molecules function as hormones; Derived from amio acids-examples Cholesterol derivatives-examples
Derived from amio acids(examples) -amino acid dervates: catecholamines, serotonin, thyroxine(T4) -Tripeptides: thyrotopin-releasinghormone(TRH) -Small peptides: vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone(AVP or ADH), somatostatin -Intermediate-size peptides; insuli, parathyroid hormone -Glycoproteins: gonadotropins, thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH), luteinizing hormone(LH) Cholesterol derivatives -cortisol, testosterone, estradiol, aldosterone
Some hormones function to transmit to the body important environmental cues, while others are more concerned with calibrating metabolic processes involved in maintaing ________. In either situation, it is critical that there is an effective translation of the magnitude of the ________ into the amount of hormone released. How this is achieved varies depending on the stimulus. The endocine systems which involve the hypothalamus, pituitary and downstream organs are usually termed what and are most usefully views as functional units for what purpose? What areas are controlled by hypothalamus?
-Homeostasis, stimulus -Termed axes, for purposes of clinical diagnosis and management -Both anterior and pituitary
Hormones
The hypothalmic hormone Thyrotropin-releasing hormone(TRH) stimulates secretion of which pituitary hormones?
TSH and PRL
Some hormones at on tissues whereas others, tropic hormones, act on other glands regulating secretion of their hormones. Diagram
The hypothalamic hormone corticotropin-releasing hormone(CRH) stimulates which pituitary hormone?
stimulates secretion of ACTH
Growth hormone- site of formation and action
Formation: anterior pituitary Action: liver, bone, other cells
The hypothalmic hormone gorwth hormone-releasing hormone(GHRH) stimulates which pituitary hormone?
Stimulates secretion of GH
The hypothalmic hormone gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH) releases which pituitary hormone?
stimulates secretion of FSH nad LH
The hypothalamic hormone gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone or somatostatin(GHIH) inhibits release of which pituitary hormones?
inhibits release of GH and TSH
The hypothalmic hormone prolactine-inhibiting hormone(PIH), dopamine inhibits release of which pituitary hormone?
inhibits release of PRL
Thyroid stimulating hormoe(TSH) site of formation and action
Formation: Anterior pituitary Action: Thyroid
Thyroxine(T4) andTri-iodothyronine(T3) site of formation and action
Formation: Thyroid Action: Muscle, liver and other cells
Adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) site of formation and action
Formation: Anterior pituitary Action: Adenal cortex
Cortisol, corticosterone and aldosterone site of formation and action
Formation: Adrenal cortex Action: Many tissues
Follicle-stimuating hormone(FSH) site of formation and action
Formation: Anterior pituitary Action: ovaries and testes
Luteinizing hormone(LH) site of formation and acttion
Fomation: Anerior pituitarry Action: ovaries/testes
Estradiol, progesterone, testosterone site of formation and action
Formation: ovaries/testes action; reproductive organs
Prolactin site of formation and action
Foration: anterior pituitary Action; mammary glands
Oxytocin site o formation and action
Formation: rouced by hypothalamus and released by posterior pituitary Action; smooth mysck and mammary glands
antidiuretic hormone(ADH) site of formation and action
formation; produced by hypotalamus and releaed by posterior pituitary Action: kidney, arterioles
What is a major feature of most endocrie systems? What does this mean? The effect?
Negative feedback. This meansthat a response induced by action of ahormone feeds back to inhibit the level of hormone production. The effect of this is to dampen down fluctuations in the process controlled by the hormone, thereby ehancing stability of that proccess ad hence homeostasis
If negative feedback is the only process at play then…. Many endocrine systems, especially ones controlled by hypothalamus, dislay…. and this is determined by….. In this situation, negative feedback serves to smooth out…… What is one potential mechanism of modulating the level of he output of the endocrine system
the output of the system remains constant display distinct rhythmicity determined by the net product of the neural inputs to the relevant secretory neurons In this situation negative feedback serves instead to smooth out the hormonal profile and to prevent short-term instability. Furthermore, modulation of the susceptibility of the controlling neuron to feedback inhibition represents one potential mechanism of modulating the level of the output of the endocrine sytem