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BIO 112 > Lab 4: Biological Macromolecules > Flashcards

Lab 4: Biological Macromolecules Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

macromolecules

A

“large” molecule

Are the building block molecules that form the structure and are involved in the chemical processes of all living things

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2
Q

What are the four major categories of macromolecules

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. proteins
  3. lipids
  4. nucleic acids
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3
Q

monomers

A

the simplest building block of a macromolecule

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4
Q

polymer

A

a molecule made up of a long chain of monomers

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5
Q

hydrolysis

A

a reaction that breaks apart polymers (large molecules) into monomers (smaller molecules)

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6
Q

condensation

A

a reaction that binds smaller molecules (monomers) into larger molecules (polymers)

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7
Q

carbohydrates

A

type of macromolecule that serves as a building material for cellular structure or as a source of energy

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8
Q

monosaccharides

A

the simplest carbohydrate (“simple sugar”)

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9
Q

What are the three different types of monosaccharides?

A
  1. glucose
  2. fructose
  3. galactose
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10
Q

disaccharide

A

a carbohydrate formed by linking two monosaccharides (known as table sugar or sucrose)

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11
Q

Table sugar/ sucrose is what type of carbohydrate?

A

disaccharide

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12
Q

What are chemical characteristics of monosaccharides pertaining to carbon placement?

A

monosaccharides have a chemical backbone structure of 3 to 7 carbon atoms

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13
Q

What elements/groups are typically attached to the carbon backbone of monosaccharides?

A

In some configurations attached to the carbon backbone are:

  1. hydrogen atoms (H)
  2. hydroxyl groups (OH)
  3. carbonyl group (-C=O)
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14
Q

How can you identify a monosaccharide given only its linear chemical structure?

A

The relative placement of the hydrogen atoms (H), hydroxyl groups (OH), and carbonyl group (-C=O) gives each monosaccharide its identify and properties?

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15
Q

If the carbonyl group (-C=O) is found at the end of the molecule, what type of monosaccharide is it?

A

Glucose

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16
Q

If the carbonyl group (-C=O) is found inside the molecule, what type of monosaccharide is it?

A

Fructose

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17
Q

If the carbonyl group (-C=O) is found at the end of the sugar, what is the new name of the carbonyl group?

A

aldehyde group

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18
Q

If the carbonyl group (-C=O) is found at the end of the sugar, what is the name of the molecule?

A

aldose

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19
Q

If the carbonyl group (-C=O) is found internally in the sugar, what is the new name of the carbonyl group?

A

ketone group

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20
Q

If the carbonyl group (-C=O) is found internally in the sugar, what is the name of the molecule called?

A

ketose

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21
Q

What is the disaccharide that is synthesized by plant cells?

A

sucrose

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22
Q

What is the name of the sugar found in milk?

A

lactose

23
Q

sucrose is the formation of what two monosaccharides?

A

glucose and fructose

24
Q

lactose is the formation of what two monosaccharides?

A

glucose and galactose

25
Q

polysaccharides

A

hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides linked together to form a long polymer

26
Q

What is the function of polysaccharides?

A
  1. energy storage molecules

2. molecules for support or structure

27
Q

starch

A

a polysaccharide that serves as a reservoir of stored energy in plants

28
Q

glycogen

A

a polysaccharide that stores energy for animals

29
Q

What are the two similarities between starch and glycogen?

A
  1. Both are polysaccharides

2. Function: serves as a reservoir of stored energy

30
Q

How does starch and glycogen differ from one another?

A
  1. Where they are found
    a. Starch is found in plants
    b. Glycogen is found in animals
  2. Chemical structure
    a. Glycogen is similar in structure to starch but is much more highly branched
31
Q

What polysaccharide serves as building material for plants?

A

cellulose

32
Q

cellulose

A

a polysaccharide that forms plants’ cell walls (acts as a building material)

33
Q

What polysaccharide serves as building material for insects and shellfish?

A

chitin

34
Q

chitin

A

a polysaccharid that forms insects’ and shellfishes’ exoskeletons (acts as a building material)

35
Q

lipid

A

a macromolecule that is non-polar, hydrophobic (water fearing) and insoluble in water

36
Q

What is a type of lipid?

A

triglycerides

37
Q

triglycerides

A

type of lipid

38
Q

How are triglycerides formed?

A

by linking fatty acids to a glycerol molecule

39
Q

What is the function of triglyceride, when they are in a form of a fat or oil?

A

used for energy storage of organisms

40
Q

What are two general characteristics of lipids?

A
  1. Hydrophobic (“water fearing”)

2. Do not dissolve in water

41
Q

What type of lipid is used for cell membrane structure?

A

phospholipids

42
Q

phospholipids

A

a type of lipid used for cell membrane structure

43
Q

sterols

A

a type of lipid important for hormones

44
Q

What type of lipid is important for hormones?

A

sterols

45
Q

protein

A

a polymer formed by linking amino acids via peptide bonds

46
Q

How many naturally occurring amino acids are there?

A

20

47
Q

What is the general chemical structure of an amino acid?

A

a central carbon bonded by a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a “R” group

48
Q

“R” group

A

a group that is different from each amino acid

49
Q

What is used to identify an amino acid

A

“R” group is different from each amino acid

50
Q

What is the importance of the protein’s shape?

A

The shape of a protein plays an essential role in the protein’s function

51
Q

What are the general four functions of proteins?

A
  1. structural support
  2. speeding chemical reactions
  3. transport
  4. movement
52
Q

peptide bond

A

a type of covalent bond used to link amino acids into polymers

53
Q

What is the purpose of Benedict’s test?

A

to detect the presence of reducing sugars

54
Q

reducing sugars

A

sugars with a free aldehyde or ketone group (-C=O)

BIO 112 (5 decks)

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