Lab 4: Biological Macromolecules

Question 1

macromolecules

Answer 1

“large” molecule

Are the building block molecules that form the structure and are involved in the chemical processes of all living things

Question 2

What are the four major categories of macromolecules

Answer 2

1. carbohydrates
2. proteins
3. lipids
4. nucleic acids

Question 3

monomers

Answer 3

the simplest building block of a macromolecule

Question 4

polymer

Answer 4

a molecule made up of a long chain of monomers

Question 5

hydrolysis

Answer 5

a reaction that breaks apart polymers (large molecules) into monomers (smaller molecules)

Question 6

condensation

Answer 6

a reaction that binds smaller molecules (monomers) into larger molecules (polymers)

Question 7

carbohydrates

Answer 7

type of macromolecule that serves as a building material for cellular structure or as a source of energy

Question 8

monosaccharides

Answer 8

the simplest carbohydrate (“simple sugar”)

Question 9

What are the three different types of monosaccharides?

Answer 9

1. glucose
2. fructose
3. galactose

Question 10

disaccharide

Answer 10

a carbohydrate formed by linking two monosaccharides (known as table sugar or sucrose)

Question 11

Table sugar/ sucrose is what type of carbohydrate?

Answer 11

disaccharide

Question 12

What are chemical characteristics of monosaccharides pertaining to carbon placement?

Answer 12

monosaccharides have a chemical backbone structure of 3 to 7 carbon atoms

Question 13

What elements/groups are typically attached to the carbon backbone of monosaccharides?

Answer 13

In some configurations attached to the carbon backbone are:

1. hydrogen atoms (H)
2. hydroxyl groups (OH)
3. carbonyl group (-C=O)

Question 14

How can you identify a monosaccharide given only its linear chemical structure?

Answer 14

The relative placement of the hydrogen atoms (H), hydroxyl groups (OH), and carbonyl group (-C=O) gives each monosaccharide its identify and properties?

Question 15

If the carbonyl group (-C=O) is found at the end of the molecule, what type of monosaccharide is it?

Answer 15

Glucose

Question 16

If the carbonyl group (-C=O) is found inside the molecule, what type of monosaccharide is it?

Answer 16

Fructose

Question 17

If the carbonyl group (-C=O) is found at the end of the sugar, what is the new name of the carbonyl group?

Answer 17

aldehyde group

Question 18

If the carbonyl group (-C=O) is found at the end of the sugar, what is the name of the molecule?

Answer 18

aldose

Question 19

If the carbonyl group (-C=O) is found internally in the sugar, what is the new name of the carbonyl group?

Answer 19

ketone group

Question 20

If the carbonyl group (-C=O) is found internally in the sugar, what is the name of the molecule called?

Answer 20

ketose

Question 21

What is the disaccharide that is synthesized by plant cells?

Answer 21

sucrose

Question 22

What is the name of the sugar found in milk?

Answer 22

lactose

Question 23

sucrose is the formation of what two monosaccharides?

Answer 23

glucose and fructose

Question 24

lactose is the formation of what two monosaccharides?

Answer 24

glucose and galactose

Question 25

polysaccharides

Answer 25

hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides linked together to form a long polymer

Question 26

What is the function of polysaccharides?

Answer 26

1. energy storage molecules | 2. molecules for support or structure

Question 27

starch

Answer 27

a polysaccharide that serves as a reservoir of stored energy in plants

Question 28

glycogen

Answer 28

a polysaccharide that stores energy for animals

Question 29

What are the two similarities between starch and glycogen?

Answer 29

1. Both are polysaccharides | 2. Function: serves as a reservoir of stored energy

Question 30

How does starch and glycogen differ from one another?

Answer 30

1. Where they are found a. Starch is found in plants b. Glycogen is found in animals 2. Chemical structure a. Glycogen is similar in structure to starch but is much more highly branched

Question 31

What polysaccharide serves as building material for plants?

Answer 31

cellulose

Question 32

cellulose

Answer 32

a polysaccharide that forms plants' cell walls (acts as a building material)

Question 33

What polysaccharide serves as building material for insects and shellfish?

Answer 33

chitin

Question 34

chitin

Answer 34

a polysaccharid that forms insects' and shellfishes' exoskeletons (acts as a building material)

Question 35

lipid

Answer 35

a macromolecule that is non-polar, hydrophobic (water fearing) and insoluble in water

Question 36

What is a type of lipid?

Answer 36

triglycerides

Question 37

triglycerides

Answer 37

type of lipid

Question 38

How are triglycerides formed?

Answer 38

by linking fatty acids to a glycerol molecule

Question 39

What is the function of triglyceride, when they are in a form of a fat or oil?

Answer 39

used for energy storage of organisms

Question 40

What are two general characteristics of lipids?

Answer 40

1. Hydrophobic ("water fearing") | 2. Do not dissolve in water

Question 41

What type of lipid is used for cell membrane structure?

Answer 41

phospholipids

Question 42

phospholipids

Answer 42

a type of lipid used for cell membrane structure

Question 43

sterols

Answer 43

a type of lipid important for hormones

Question 44

What type of lipid is important for hormones?

Answer 44

sterols

Question 45

protein

Answer 45

a polymer formed by linking amino acids via peptide bonds

Question 46

How many naturally occurring amino acids are there?

Answer 46

20

Question 47

What is the general chemical structure of an amino acid?

Answer 47

a central carbon bonded by a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a "R" group

Question 48

"R" group

Answer 48

a group that is different from each amino acid

Question 49

What is used to identify an amino acid

Answer 49

"R" group is different from each amino acid

Question 50

What is the importance of the protein's shape?

Answer 50

The shape of a protein plays an essential role in the protein's function

Question 51

What are the general four functions of proteins?

Answer 51

1. structural support 2. speeding chemical reactions 3. transport 4. movement

Question 52

peptide bond

Answer 52

a type of covalent bond used to link amino acids into polymers

Question 53

What is the purpose of Benedict's test?

Answer 53

to detect the presence of reducing sugars

Question 54

reducing sugars

Answer 54

sugars with a free aldehyde or ketone group (-C=O)