Chapter 1 Textbook Questions Flashcards
Compare biology to other natural sciences.
“One does not simply compare biology to other sciences.”
The study of biology encompasses both information and tools from other sciences (chemistry, physics, geology, and other “natural sciences”)
Describe the characteristics of living systems.
- Cellular organization
- Ordered complexity
- Sensitivity to stimuli
- Growth, development, and reproduction
- Energy utilization
- Homeostasis
- Evolutionary adaption
Characterize the hierarchical organization of living systems.
- Cellular level (atoms, molecules, macro-molecules, organelles, cells)
- Organismal level (tissues, organs, organ systems)
- Populational level (population, species, biological community)
- Ecosystem level (ecosystem)
- Biosphere (the whole planet)
The functions of biological systems are determined and constraint by the principles of __________ and ___________.
Chemistry & physics
The study of ________ does illustrate and illuminate the working of natural sciences.
Biology
The intricate chemical workings of cells are based on everything we know about the study of __________.
Chemistry
The intricate chemical workings of cells are based on everything we know about the study of __________.
Chemistry
Every level of _________ ________ is governed by the nature of energy transactions learned from the study of thermodynamics.
Biological organization
___________ ________ do not represent any new forms of matter, and yet they are the most complex organization of matter known.
Biological systems
The complexity of living systems is made possible by what constant source of energy?
The Sun
Modern science is becoming more _________, combining the expertise from a variety of traditional disciplines and emerging fields (ex. Nanotechnology)
Interdisciplinary
What branch of science is at the heart of the new multidisciplinary approach to modern science?
Biology
_______ problems often require many different approaches to arrive at solutions
Biological
Define biology in the broadest sense
Biology is the science of life (the study of living things)
Define biology in the broadest sense
Biology is the science of life (the study of living things)
Name the seven characteristics that are shared by a living system.
- Cellular organization
- Ordered complexity
- Sensitivity/ response to stimuli
- Growth, development, and reproduction
- Energy utilization
- Homeostasis
- Evolutionary adaption
All organisms consist of one or more cells. Often too tiny to see, cells carry out the basic activities of living. Each cell is bounded by a membrane that separates it from its surroundings.
Cellular organization
All living things are both complex and highly ordered. Your body is composed of many different kinds of cells, each containing many complex molecular structures. Many nonliving things may also be complex, but they do not exhibit this degree of ordered complexity.
Ordered complexity
All organisms respond to stimuli. Plants grow toward a source of light, and the pupils of your eyes dilate when you walk into a dark room.
Sensitivity/ Responds to stimuli
All organisms are capable of growing and reproducing, and they all possess hereditary molecules that are passed to their offspring, ensuring that the offspring are of the same species.
Growth, development, an reproduction
All organisms maintain relatively constant internal conditions that are different from their environment.
Ex: Your body temperature remains stable despite changes in outside temperatures
Homeostasis
All organisms interact with other organisms and the nonliving environment in ways that influence their survival, and as a consequence, organisms evolve adaptions to their environments
Evolutionary adaption
The organization of the biological world is __________-that each level builds on the level below it
Hierarchical
Name the five levels of hierarchical organizations
- Cellular level
- Organismal level
- Populational level
- Ecosystem level
- Biosphere
What are the 5 sub-levels of the cellular level?
- Atoms
- Molecules
- Macromolecule
- Organelle
- Cell
What are the 3 sub-levels of the organismal level?
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ system
What are the 5 sub-levels of the populational level?
- Population
- Species
- Biological Community
The fundamental elements of matter (ex. C, H, O, N)
Atoms
Atoms that are joined together into simple clusters (ex: H20)
Molecules
Atoms that are joined together into larger molecules (ex: C6H12O6)
Macro-molecules
Complex biological molecules are assembled into tiny structures
Organelles
Organelles that are within a membrane-bound unit
Cell
Basic unit of life
Cell
Organism composed of a single cell
Bacteria
Organisms that are composed of multiple cells
Animals, plants, most fungi, and algae
Term that means “composed of more than one cell”
Multicellular
Groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit (ex: neurons)
Tissue
Body structures composed of several different tissues that act as a structural and functional unit (ex: brain)
Organ
Groups of organs that serve a particular function for an organism (ex: nervous system)
Organ system
What level (out of the three) hierarchical organization levels consists of individual organisms that can be categorized into several hierarchal levels within the living world?
Populational level
The most basic sub-level of the populational level that consists of a group of organisms of the same species living in the same place. (ex: Pugs)
Population
Sub-level of the populational level in which all populations of a particular kind of organism have similar appearances and are able to interbreed. (ex: Canines- wolves and dogs like pugs)
Species
The higher sub-level of the population level that consists of all populations of different species living together in one place
(ex: Dog park- different dogs, birds, trees, fungi, and bacteria interacting with one another)
Biological community
The highest level of the biological organization in which a biological community and the physical habitat lives together
(ex: Southeast Portland)
Ecosystem
The entire planet thought as an ecosystem
Biosphere
As you move up the biological world’s hierarchical levels (from simple to complex) you can define that make up of the simpler levels but still cannot deduce how those levels interact to make up the larger whole
(ex: You know that DNA is made up of certain molecules, but the scientific community still doesn’t understand why and how certain genes are expressed)
Emergent properties
Type of biological property in which the parts do not explain how the whole organism or parts of the organism work
ex: Neurons are a basic unit of the nervous system but how the brain learns and is “activated” is still unknown
Emergent properties
