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Pathology (Em's Notes) > Lab 4: > Flashcards

Lab 4: Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four things that characterize inflammation?

A

Redness, pain, heat, swelling and loss of function

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2
Q

Rolling endothelial cell / Leukocyte

A

E-Selectin (CD62E) — Sialyl Lewis-X
P-Selectin (CD62P) — Sialyl Lewis-X
GlyCam1, CD34 — L-Selectin

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3
Q

Adhesion and diapedesis
Endothelial: ICAM-1
Leukocyte?

A

CD11/CD18 (Beta-2 integrin)

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4
Q

Adhesion and diapedesis
Endothelial: VCAM-1
Leukocyte?

A

VLA-4 Integrin (alpha4beta1)

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5
Q

Adhesion and diapedesis
Endothelial: CD31 (PECAM-1)
Leukocyte?

A

CD31 (PECAM-1)

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6
Q

What chemoattractant do bacteria produce?

A

Formyl peptides

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7
Q

When tissue macrophages arrive, how do they recognize the bacteria?

A

TLR bind bacterial antigens such as lipopolysaccharide

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8
Q

Which cytokines does the macrophage release in response to TLR binding?

A

IL-1, IL-8, TNF

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9
Q

Mast cell degranulation releases…

A

Histamine

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10
Q

How does histamine affect pre-capillary arterioles?

A

Vasodilation

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11
Q

How does histamine affect post-capillary venules?

A

Increased vascular permeability

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12
Q

What effect does histamine have on endothelial cell surface molecules?

A

Increased expression of E-selectin and P-selectin?

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13
Q

What do E-Selectin and P-Selectin do?

A

Bind Sialyl-Lewis-X glycoproteins on neutrophil surface.

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14
Q

What does selectin binding enable?

A

“Rolling” - the neutrophil slows down enough to detect chemoattractants

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15
Q

What are examples of chemoattractants?

A

F-met-leu-phe, IL-8 or TNF

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16
Q

What happens if the neutrophil binds any of these chemoattractants?

A

Neutrophil up regulates expression of Beta-Integrin

17
Q

What do endothelial cells do in response to IL-1 and TNF?

A

Upregulated expression of ICAM1

18
Q

What does Ca+ release from the ER do in neutrophils?

A

enables cytoskeleton changes
increases beta-integrin expression on cell surface
activates phospholipase A2
activates NADPH oxidase

19
Q

Why is phospholipase activation important?

A

to made arachadonic acid, which leads to prostaglandins and leukotrienes (part of inflammatory mediators)

20
Q

Why is NADPH oxidase important?

A

reactive oxygen species (bleach)

21
Q

What is deficient in people with chronic granulomatous disease?

A

NADPH oxidase

22
Q

What is deficient in people with Chediak-Higashi syndrome?

A

Defect in lysosomal trafficking to phagosome-lysosome fusion (microtubule issue).

23
Q

What is deficient in people with LAD type 1?

A

Defect in LFA-1 integrin, can’t migrate neutrophils

24
Q

What are classic signs of LAD type 1?

A

Recurrent bacterial infections, absent pus formation, impaired wound healing, delayed umbilical cord separation

Increased neutrophils in blood, decreased at infection sites.

25
Q

What are classic signs of Chediak-Higashi syndrome?

A

Giant granules in granulocytes and platelets, albinism, peripheral neuropathy, progressive neurodegeneration

26
Q

What are classic signs of chronic granulomatous disease?

A

susceptibility to catalase + organisms, abnormal dihydrohodamine test

27
Q

What is a left shift in leukocyte count?

A

more immature cells, so inflammation

28
Q

What are the four stages of lobar pneumonia?

A
  1. Congestion
  2. Red hepatization
  3. Gray hepatization
  4. Resolution
29
Q

What marks the congestion stage of lobar pneumonia?

A

vascular engorgement, intra-alveolar fluid, neutrophils, numerous bacteria, heavy lung and hyperemic (1-2 days)

30
Q

What marks the red hepatization of lobar pneumonia?

A

Vascular congestion persists, RBCs into alveolar spaces (3-4 days)

31
Q

What marks the gray hepatization of lobar pneumonia?

A

Red cells disintegrate, with persistence of the neutrophils and fibrin. (5-7 days)

32
Q

What marks the resolution phase of lobar pneumonia?

A

exudate is digested (8+ days)

33
Q

Exudate signs

A

An inflammatory extravascular fluid

  • High protein content
  • High specific gravity
  • Cell debris
34
Q

What does an exudate signal?

A

increase in vascular permeability

35
Q

Transudate signs

A

Nonimflammatory extravascular fluid

  • low protein content
  • low specific gravity
  • an ultrafiltrate of plasma
  • endothelial permeability is normal
36
Q

What does a transudate signal?

A

increase in hydrostatic pressure

37
Q

What are the 5 possible outcomes of acute inflammation in the setting of pneumonia?

A
  1. Resolve completely
  2. Abscess
  3. Organization of the exudate
  4. Bacteremic dissemination
  5. Empyema
38
Q

What are the major causes of pulmonary edema?

A
  • Hemodynamic

- Increased vascular permeability

Pathology (Em's Notes) (10 decks)

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