Lab 4

Question 1

Land plants are ___ which allows for the development of larger organisms and more differentiation

Answer 1

multicellular

Question 2

A ___ is a substance that doesn’t allow water to pass on the aboveground parts of the plant

Answer 2

waxy cuticle

Question 3

Pores that can open and shut, regulate gas exchange

Answer 3

stomata

Question 4

Land plants have a ___ life cycle also called an alternation of generations,

Answer 4

haplodiplontic

Question 5

Surrounds the reproductive structures (antheridia, archegonia, and sporangia)

Answer 5

sterile jacket layer

Question 6

Able to resist desiccation as well as go dormant

Answer 6

spores

Question 7

The conducting tissues that transport water and other materials around the plant and allow it to grow away from immediately adjacent moisture

Answer 7

xylem and phloem

Question 8

A group of organisms related by descent

Answer 8

Clade

Question 9

A technique that constructs an evolutionary tree using shared derived characteristics

Answer 9

Cladistics

Question 10

A characteristic that is unique o a particular branch or group is called a

Answer 10

synapomorphy

Question 11

The most ancestral group of terrestrial plants. Include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts all of which live in moist environments

Answer 11

Bryophytes

Question 12

Multicellular
Reproductive structures are surrounded by a sterile jacket layer
Plant embryo is protected by archegonium
Spores
Nonvascular land plants

Answer 12

Bryophytes

Question 13

Root-like structures composed of one to several cells. Anchor plants, do not absorb water or other materials

Answer 13

rhizoids

Question 14

The simple plant body of nonvascular plants is called a

Answer 14

thallus

Question 15

The dominant generation of nonvascular plants

Answer 15

Gametophyte

Question 16

Sexual structures of nonvascular plants include the ___ which produce swimming sperm and ___ which produces eggs

Answer 16

antheridia

archegonia

Question 17

Earliest known land plants 
Include liverworts
Grow in moist env
Have a thallose form and leafy form 
Surface is cutinized
Thallus contains open pores that cannot close

Answer 17

Phylum Hepaticophyta

Question 18

Asexual reproduction is either by fragmentation or the production of gemmae cups

Answer 18

Liverworts

Phylum Hepaticophyta

Question 19

When you are looking at the liverwort thallus you are looking at the ____ because it is the dominant generation

Answer 19

gametophyte

Question 20

Female liverworts have ___ that bear archegonia on their lower surface. The archegonia contains ___ egg(s)

Answer 20

archegoniophores

one

Question 21

Male liverworts have antheridiophores that bear ___ in their upper surface

Answer 21

antheridia

Question 22

Why do liverworts produce so many sperm and so few eggs?

Answer 22

Eggs are energetically costly to make

Question 23

The true mosses
Most grow in moist habitats
Can grow in harsh environments
Thallus is erect and radially symmetrical with thin leaf-like structures
Many have conducting cells but not xylem or phloem

Answer 23

Phylum Bryophyta

Question 24

The archegonia are born at the tips of female gametophytes and the antheridia are born at the tips of male gametophytes

Answer 24

Mosses Phylum Bryophyta

Question 25

The sporophyte consisting of a seta (stalk) and capsule, arises from a fertilized egg on the tip of a female gametophyte.

Answer 25

Mosses Phylum Bryophyta

Question 26

Includes Hornworts
Named for their sporophyte shaped like an elongated tapered horn
Some have N-fixing bacteria living in cavities in the plant

Answer 26

Phylum Anthocerophyta

Question 27

Have xylem and phloem but do not produce seeds

Answer 27

Seedless vascular plants

Question 28

Xylem allows plants to ___ the necessary substances and to ___ themselves against gravity

Answer 28

transport

support

Question 29

Conducts water and minerals from the roots to other parts of the plant

Answer 29

xylem

Question 30

conducts sugars from the photosynthetic parts of the plant elsewhere

Answer 30

phloem

Question 31

The conducting elements of the xylem contain ___ in their cells walls for strength and support

Answer 31

lignin

Question 32

Phloem transport allows roots to ____

Answer 32

grow deeper

Question 33

Seedless vascular plants can grow away from water and can ____, to disperse spores

Answer 33

grow tall

Question 34

Seedless vascular plants still have swimming sperm which means they are

Answer 34

still tied to a moist environment

Question 35

Include Club Mosses
Horizontal underground stems called rhizomes give rise to vertical branches
Aboveground branches are covered with leaves called microphylls
Sporophylls bearing sporangia are grouped into strobili (cones)
Microspores give rise to the male gametophyte
Megaspores give rise to female gametophyte

Answer 35

Phylum Lycophyta

Question 36

All seed plants are said to be

Answer 36

heterosporous

Question 37

Includes Horsetails, Whisk Ferns, and True Ferns

Answer 37

Phylum Pterophyta

Question 38

Also called scouring rushed and snake grass
Genus we studied : Equisetum
Numerous vertical stems grow from a horizontal rhizome
Stems are jointed, ribbed, and photosynthetic
Contain silica in the epidermal cells

Answer 38

Horsetails Phylum Pterophyta

Question 39

Spores are produced in sporangia located in sporangiophores in a strobilus at the tip of a stem. The spores have surface extensions called elators that move in response to humidity.

Answer 39

Horsetails phylum Pterophyta

Question 40

Include Psilotum genus
Are not ferns but are the same general size 
Look like whisk brooms 
Lacks true root or leaves 
photosynthetic stems 
Small lobed sporangia are found on stems

Answer 40

Whisk ferns Phylum Pterophyta