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anatomy & physiology i > Lab 3 Terms > Flashcards

Lab 3 Terms Flashcards

1
Q

impermeable

A

nothing can cross

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2
Q

freely permeable

A

anything can cross

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3
Q

semipermeable

A

some things can cross but some things can’t

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4
Q

Integral Proteins

A

found embedded in the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane

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5
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

found attached to the surface of the cell membrane

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6
Q

Passive Transport

A

doesn’t require any energy expenditure from the cell. Types: Filtration, Diffusion, & Osmosis

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7
Q

Filtration

A

process in which small molecules are forced through a semipermeable membrane.

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8
Q

Diffusion

A

the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, until equilibrium (uniform distribution) of particles is achieved

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9
Q

Simple diffusion

A

the process in which molecules spread out randomly from heavily concentrated areas to areas of lesser concentration until they are distributed evenly in a state of equilibrium

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10
Q

concentration gradient

A

difference in concentration areas

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11
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

cellular structures such as large proteins assist molecules to pass through the cell membrane that would otherwise not be able to

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12
Q

carrier proteins

A

temporarily bind with the molecules to assist them in passing through the cell membrane

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13
Q

Osmosis

A

the diffusion of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration (lower solute concentration) to a region of lower water concentration higher solute concentration)until equilibrium is achieved

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14
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

pressure developed in a solution due to osmosis

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15
Q

Solute

A

particles in a solvent

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16
Q

Solvent

A

liquid the solute is in

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17
Q

Solution

A

the mixture of solute and solvent

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18
Q

Hyper-

A

above, higher

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19
Q

Hypo-

A

under, lower

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20
Q

Iso

A

isos, equal

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21
Q

Tonic

A

refers to the solution

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22
Q

Isotonic solution

A

same amount of solute particles in the cell as in the solution

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23
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

higher solute concentration outside the cell than inside the cell

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24
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

higher solute concentration inside the cell than outside the cell

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25
Q

Active Transport

A

processes require energy from the cell (ATP) to move substances through a semipermeable membrane

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26
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

common in many cells including nerve cells where sodium is pumped out of resting nerve cell, even though their concentration is much higher outside the cells.

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27
Q

Calcium pump

A

used in muscle relaxation, where it transports calcium ions needed to stop the contraction of the muscle

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28
Q

Endocytosis

A

is the process in which the plasma membrane engulfs extracellular material, forming membrane-bound sacs that enter the cytoplasm and thereby move material into the cell

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29
Q

Pinocytosis

A

“cell drinking”. The cell takes in fluid filled droplets by forming a pocket in the cell membrane and then pinching off with the fluid and any small nutrients, amino acids, glucose, vitamins, etc. inside

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30
Q

Phagocytosis

A

“cell eating”. The cell engulfs a particle by sending out pseudopods (Gr. “false feet”) and then consumes the particle with enzymes. While many cells in the body undergo pinocytosis, only specialized cells called phagocytes (Gk. “a cell that eats”) perform phagocytosis

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31
Q

Exocytosis

A

the process in which intracellular material is enclosed within a membrane-bound sac that moves to the plasma membrane and fuses with it, releasing the material outside the cell

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32
Q

Dermatology

A

medical study of the physiology and pathology of the skin

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33
Q

Rule of Nines

A

used to estimate in (multiples of 9%) the percentage of surface area affected by burns

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34
Q

Dermatitis

A

inflammation of the skin

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35
Q

Scab

A

a blood clot that forms at the surface of a wound to the skin

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36
Q

Contusion

A

bruise causing bleeding in the dermis (“black-and-blue” marks)

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37
Q

Urticaria

A

hives

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38
Q

Carotene

A

yellow pigment

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39
Q

Melanin

A

dark pigment produced by specialized skin cells called melanocytes

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40
Q

Sebaceous

A

oil glands connected to hair follicles that function to lubricate and protect

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41
Q

Sebum

A

oily secretion

42
Q

Sudoriferous

A

sweat glands (two different types: apocrine and merocrine)

43
Q

Apocrine

A

large sweat glands (armpits, genital area)

44
Q

Merocrine or eccrine

A

small sweat glands (palms, fingers, soles)

45
Q

Cerumen

A

ear wax

46
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

receptors for deep pressure

47
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

(corpuscles of touch) sensitive touch receptors

48
Q

Epidermis

A

outermost layer of epithelial tissue. There are five layers: Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Germinativum (Stratum Basale)

49
Q

Dermis

A

thicker layer of connective tissue beneath the epidermis. It contains blood vessels, nerves, etc

50
Q

Hypodermis

A

(Subcutaneous) layer of loose connective tissue beneath the dermis. It is characterized by the presence of adipose tissue

51
Q

Carotene

A

orange-yellow pigment

52
Q

Melanin

A

dark brown pigment produced by cells called melanocytes. A major function of melanin is to screen out excessive ultraviolet (UV) rays, to protect the nucleus and the genetic material of the cell.

53
Q

1st Degree Burn

A

• Less than 10% of body surface affected
• Epidermis damaged but not destroyed
• Mild swelling, reddening, pain; injured cells peel off and skin heals without scarring,
usually within 2 weeks.

54
Q

2nd Degree Burn

A

• Less than 15% of body surface for an adult, 10% for a child
• Epidermis and part of dermis destroyed. New skin may regenerate.
• Red or mottled appearance, blisters, swelling, wet surface due to plasma loss.
Greater pain than third-degree burn (which destroys sensitive nerve endings).

55
Q

3rd Degree Burn

A

• Includes burns of face, eyes, hands, feet, genitals, and more than 20% of body
surface. Prompt medical attention required.
• All skin layers destroyed; deep tissue destruction. Nerve endings in skin destroyed.
Skin cannot be regenerated. Surgery and skin grafts necessary.
• White or charred appearance; severe loss of body fluids.

56
Q

Macule

A

A localized change in skin color. Ex: freckles

57
Q

Wheal

A

A localized elevation of the overlying epidermis which accumulates fluid in the papillary dermis. Ex: hives

58
Q

Papule

A

A solid elevated area containing epidermal and papillary dermal components. Ex: mosquito or other insect bite

59
Q

Nodules

A

large papules that may extend into the subcutaneous layer: Ex: cyst

60
Q

Vesicle

A

(A blister) is a papule with a fluid core. A large vesicle may be called a bulla. Ex.: second-degree burn

61
Q

Pustule

A

A papule-sized lesion filled with pus. Ex: acne pimple

62
Q

Erosion

A

(An ulcer) may occur following the rupture of a vesicle or pustule. Eroded sites have lost part of all of the normal epidermis. Ex: decubitis ulcer.

63
Q

Crust

A

An accumulation of dried sebum, blood, or interstitial fluid over the surface of the epidermis. Ex: seborrheic dermatitis, scabs, impetigo

64
Q

Scales

A

Thin plates of cornified cells which form as a result of abnormal keratinization. Ex. psoriasis.

65
Q

Fissure

A

A split in the integument that extends through the epidermis and into the dermis. Ex: athlete’s foot.

66
Q

Abrasion

A

results from a scrape against a solid object

67
Q

Incision

A

linear cuts produced by sharp objects

68
Q

Laceration

A

a jagged, irregular tear in the surface produced by solid impact or by an irregular object

69
Q

Puncture

A

results when slender, pointed objects pierce the epithelium

70
Q

Avulsion

A

chunks of tissue are torn away by force

71
Q

Ligaments

A

attach bone to bone

72
Q

Tendons

A

attach bone to muscle

73
Q

Spongy bone

A

forms an open network of struts and plates (contains red marrow)

74
Q

Compact bone

A

is dense and relatively solid

75
Q

epiphysis

A

the ends of the bone (head)

76
Q

diaphysis

A

the long, hollow shaft of the bone

77
Q

metaphysis

A

the flared region where the epiphysis and diaphysis meet

78
Q

Long Bones

A

ex. femur

79
Q

Short Bones

A

ex. carpal

80
Q

Flat Bones

A

ex. skull bones

81
Q

Irregular Bones

A

ex. spinal vertebrae

82
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

(develop inside tendons) ex. patella

83
Q

Sutural Bones

A

(Wormian Bones) found between the skull bones

84
Q

Process

A

a projection or bump

85
Q

Ramus

A

angle of a bone

86
Q

Trochanter

A

very large, rough, rounded projection (present only in femur)

87
Q

Tuberosity

A

large (smaller than trochanter), rough rounded projection

88
Q

Tubercle

A

small, rough, rounded projection

89
Q

Crest

A

prominent projection or ridge

90
Q

Line

A

narrow, low ridge

91
Q

Spine

A

pointed process

92
Q

Head

A

expanded, rounded surface at end of a bone

93
Q

Condyle

A

large, convex projection that usually contacts another bone

94
Q

Trochlea

A

grooved surface shaped like a pulley

95
Q

Facet

A

small smooth, flat surface

96
Q

Fossa

A

shallow depression or concavity

97
Q

Foramen

A

natural opening on a bone surface for nerves and/or blood vessels

98
Q

Fissure

A

deep cleft between adjacent parts of bone

99
Q

Meatus

A

canal

100
Q

Sinus or antrum

A

hollow space within bone

anatomy & physiology i (11 decks)

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