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Anatomy & Physiology I > Lab 2 Terms > Flashcards

Lab 2 Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Cells

A

the building blocks of all living organisms.

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2
Q

Cytology

A

the study of cells

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3
Q

Organelle

A

“little organs” carry out functions of cell

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4
Q

Sex Cells

A

sperm & egg cells

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5
Q

Somatic Cells

A

all other body cells (except sex cells)

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6
Q

Mitosis

A

nuclear division of somatic cells

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7
Q

Meiosis

A

nuclear division of sex cells

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8
Q

Diploid

A

normal somatic number of chromosomes (46)

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9
Q

Haploid

A

half the diploid number of chromosomes (23) egg and sperm contain the haploid chromosome number due to meiosis

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10
Q

Chromosome

A

coils of DNA

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11
Q

Chromatid

A

one strand of a double stranded chromosome

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12
Q

Centromere

A

center of a chromosome

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13
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid - DNA

A

nucleic acid containing cellular information

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14
Q

Cell (plasma) membrane

A

Provides form to cell and controls passage of materials into and out of cell

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15
Q

Cytosol Gel

A

like material inside cell through which materials diffuse

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16
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Cytosol and organelles

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17
Q

Nucleus

A

Directs cell activity, contains DNA and RNA, controls metabolism, stores and processes genetic information; controls protein synthesis

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18
Q

Nucleolus

A

Dense area found within nucleus, forms ribosomes

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19
Q

Mitochondria (sing. Mitochondrion)

A

“Powerhouse” of the cell; produces ATP which provides energy for cellular metabolism

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20
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Membranous flattened channels and canal-like structures found throughout cytosol, provides transport of substances, synthesizes proteins and other products

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21
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Ribosomes are attached to the surface of the membrane giving the ER a “rough appearance”, contains newly synthesized proteins

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22
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Contains no ribosomes, lipid and carbohydrate synthesis

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23
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

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24
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Flattened sacs with vacuoles, synthesizes carbohydrates and packages molecules for secretion

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25
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes used to break down damaged cell parts and foreign substances; sometimes called “suicide bags” due to the fact that when lysosomes rupture within the cell, they destroy it.

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26
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Membranous vesicles containing enzymes that degrade and neutralize toxic compounds; smaller than lysosomes

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27
Q

Cilia

A

Short, membranous extensions of the cell which move materials over the cell surface

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28
Q

Flagella

A

Long, membranous extensions of the cell which provide means of movement for sperm

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29
Q

Microtubules

A

Hollow, slender, cylindrical structures which provide strength and support and assist in movement of cellular structures and material

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30
Q

Microfilaments

A

Solid, rodlike structure containing the protein actin which provide structural support and assist cell movement

31
Q

Microvilli

A

Membrane extensions which contain microfilaments; increase surface area

32
Q

Centriole

A

Composed of 9 triplet microtubules, assist in movement of chromosomes during cell division; form basal body of cilia and flagella

33
Q

Centrosome

A

Cytoplasm containing two centrioles at right angles

34
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T); A-T, C-G; Uracil (U) is found only in RNA, replaces (T)

35
Q

Mitosis

A

the division of somatic (body) cell nuclei

36
Q

Interphase

A

growth and DNA replication

37
Q

Prophase

A

threads of chromatin become tightly coiled and condense into chromosomes, nuclear membrane breaks down

38
Q

Metaphase

A

the chromosomes meet in the middle

39
Q

Anaphase

A

the chromosomes pull apart

40
Q

Telophase

A

the chromosomes are at each pole of the cell and once again become threadlike chromatin, nuclear membrane reforms

41
Q

Cytokinesis

A

the cell pinches in the middle, produces two identical daughter cells

42
Q

Basement Membrane

A

the layer of filaments and fibers that attach an epithelium to the underlying connective tissue

43
Q

Cilia

A

(sing. Cilium; L. eyelid, eyelash) short processes extending form the surface of some cells; often capable of producing a rhythmic paddling motion. Some epithelial cells possess cilia, which are fingerlike projections that help propel materials past the cell.

44
Q

Flagella

A

(sing. Flagellum; L. “whip”) Threadlike appendages of certain cells, usually numbering no more than one or two per cell; used to propel the cell through a fluid environment. The “tail” of a human sperm cell is actually a flagellum.

45
Q

Pseudostratified

A

tissue appears to be multilayered but is really only one layer of cells. Pseudo (falsely) stratified cells are actually only one layer of cells but they look as if they are composed of more than one layer of cells.

46
Q

Simple

A

single layer of cells

47
Q

Stratified

A

two or more layers of cells

48
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

covers all the surfaces of the body, including the external surfaces, the inner lining of the digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, and reproductive systems, and the dorsal and ventral body cavities. Types: 1. Squamous 2. Cuboidal 3. Columnar 4. Transitional 5. Goblet

49
Q

Connective Tissue

A

serves to bind or support the organs and is the most widely distributed tissue in the body. Types: 1. Loose connective tissue 2. Adipose tissue 3. Dense connective tissue 4. Elastic connective tissue 5. Blood 6. Cartilage 7. Bone

50
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

is characterized by irritability, excitability, elasticity, and contractility. Contractile fibrils in the cells enable the tissue to shorten, generating a force, and producing movement. Types: 1. Skeletal (look for striations) 2. Smooth (no striations) 3. Cardiac (look for striations plus intercalated discs)

51
Q

Striation

A

transverse bands

52
Q

Intercalated disc

A

specialized cell junctions between heart muscle cells that facilitate the passing of an impulse from one heart cell to the next

53
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

serves to coordinate systems in the body. Types: 1. Neuron (nerve cell) 2. Neuroglia (supporting cells)

54
Q

Compound Light Microscope

A

uses a series of lenses and a light source

55
Q

Stereoscopic or (Dissecting) Microscope

A

used to view objects in 3-dimensions

56
Q

Micro-video System

A

(uses a compound light microscope with a video camera attached)

57
Q

Photographic microscope

A

(uses a compound light microscope with a camera attached to produce a photomicrograph)

58
Q

Phase-contrast microscope

A

filters out certain light rays to view certain structures better (especially clear objects)

59
Q

Scanning electron microscope

A

shines a beam of electrons across the surface of an object in a vacuum that gives an image of surface and dimensions of an object

60
Q

Transmission electron microscope

A

uses electrons in a vacuum to view ultra-thinly slice objects that have been treated with heavy metal salts to improve contrast

61
Q

Ocular Lens

A

eyepiece

62
Q

Pointer

A

found in ocular lens, can be moved by turning the eyepiece

63
Q

Body Tube

A

holds nosepiece and eyepiece

64
Q

Nosepiece

A

holds and moves objective lenses

65
Q

Objective Lenses

A

series of 4 lenses with increasing magnification
4X - scanning objective
10X - low-power objective
40X - high-power objective
100X - oil-immersion objective (only microbiology students are allowed to use this lens)

66
Q

Stage

A

flat surface that supports slides

67
Q

Iris Diaphragm

A

lever or dial under the stage that regulates the amount of light going through the specimen

68
Q

Condenser

A

a series of lenses that you can move up and down to condense and clarify the light shining through the object

69
Q

Base

A

supports microscope

70
Q

Coarse adjustment knob

A

large knob found on both sides of microscope that moves stage; use ONLY with low-power objective lens (4X)

71
Q

Fine adjustment knob

A

small knob found within the coarse adjustment knob; used to bring object into final focus

72
Q

Field of view

A

the circle that you see when you look through the ocular lens

73
Q

Working distance

A

the space between the slide and the objective

74
Q

Resolving power

A

the capacity to distinguish between two adjacent points

Anatomy & Physiology I (11 decks)

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