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APBI 311 Lab > Lab 3: Skeletal System > Flashcards

Lab 3: Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is bone?

A

Hard specialized form of CT w/ calcified collagenous intracellular material.

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2
Q

What is the function of the bones?

A

Supports body, protects organs, mineral storage, site of blood cell formation, helps in movement of body parts.

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3
Q

What is the skeletal system divided into and what does each support?

A

Axial - trunk and head (skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum)

Appendicular - appendages, connects to axial. (limb girdles, appendages).

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4
Q

Describe long bones.

A
  • larger in one dimension
  • consists of diaphysis (cylindrical shaft) and two epihysis (extremities).
  • growth only at epiphysis.
  • contain long medullary cavity.
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5
Q

Function and example of long bones?

A

Levers, aids in support, locomotion. Eg. long bones of appendages.

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6
Q

Describe short bones.

A
  • Approx equal in all directions (cuboidal).
  • No marrow cavity
  • interior filled w/ spongy substances filled w/ marrow spaces.
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7
Q

Function and example of short bones?

A

Absorb shock. Eg. Carpals, tarsals.

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8
Q

Describe flat bones.

A
  • thin and expanded in two directions.

- composed of two plates of compact tissue separated by spongy material.

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9
Q

Function and example of flat bones?

A

Protection of vital organs, attachment of muscles. Eg. Scapula

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10
Q

Describe irregular bones.

A

Unpaired bones.

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11
Q

Function and example of irregular bones?

A

Protection, support, muscle attachment. Eg vertebrae, some skull bones.

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12
Q

Describe sesamoid bones.

A

Developed along course of tendons.

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13
Q

Function and example of sesamoid bones?

A

Reduces friction or change course of tendons. May change angle of pull of muscles which gives mechanical advantage. Eg patella.

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14
Q

Describe pneumatic bones.

A

Contain air spaces or sinuses that communicate w/ exterior.

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15
Q

Examples of pneumatic bones?

A

Long bones of bird, frontal bones, maxillary bones of skull.

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16
Q

Describe the skull.

A

Forms basis of head, consists of cranial bones which surround brain and facial bones, which exhibit observable variation among species.

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17
Q

Function of skull?

A

Protects brain, supports sense organs, forms passage for beginning of digestive and respiratory system.

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18
Q

Describe the vertebral column.

A

Composed of median, unpaired, and irregular bones.

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19
Q

What is another word for coccygeal?

A

Caudal.

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20
Q

Vertebral formula of cow?

A

C7 - T13 - L6 - S5 - CD 18-20

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21
Q

Vertebral formula of sheep?

A

C7 - T13 - L6-7 - S4 - CD16-18

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22
Q

Vertebral formula of pig?

A

C7 - T14-15 - L6-7 - S4 - CD 20-23

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23
Q

Vertebral formula of horse?

A

C7 - T18 - L6 - S5 - CD15-20

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24
Q

Vertebral formula of chicken?

A

C14 - T7 - LS (fused)14 - CD6

25
Q

Describe the sternum and ribs.

A

Forms floor of bony thoracic wall and gives attachment to costal cartilages of sternal (true) ribs and forms origin for pectoral muscles. Sternum consists of segments called sternebrae (fuse together with age).

26
Q

What are the numbers of sternebrae for pigs, sheep, cows, goats, and horses?

A 
Pig - 6
Sheep - 6
Cow - 7
Goat - 7
Horse - 8
27
Q

What is the space between the ribs called?

A

Intercostal spaces.

28
Q

What are floating ribs?

A

The one or two pairs of ribs that have no connection w/ other ribs at ventral end.

29
Q

Look at the lab for terms you must identify in a diagram/specimen.

30
Q

Functions of skeletal system?

A

Protection, support, leverage, storage, blood cell formation.

31
Q

What is the name of the process of long bone growth?

A

Endochondral ossification.

32
Q

When does cartilage ossify into bone?

A

When it is substituted by bone tissue.

33
Q

Where does lengthening of the bone occur?

A

At the epiphyseal plates.

34
Q

How is the diaphysis lengthened?

A

When bone is deposited after ossification.

35
Q

How does the diaphysis grow in diameter?

A

When the osteogenic layer of periosteum forms new bone on outside. Then bone has to be removed on inside to maintain marrow cavity.

36
Q

UNcommon name of skull?

37
Q

UNcommon name of lower jaw?

38
Q

UNcommon name of shoulder blade?

39
Q

UNcommon name of breastbone?

40
Q

UNcommon name of collarbone?

41
Q

UNcommon name of thighbone?

42
Q

UNcommon name of feet bones?

A

Metatarsals.

43
Q

UNcommon name of ankle bones?

44
Q

UNcommon name of shinbone?

45
Q

UNcommon name of lower leg bone on side of calf?

46
Q

UNcommon name of kneecap?

47
Q

UNcommon name of finger and toe bones?

A

Phalanges.

48
Q

UNcommon name of hand bones?

A

Metacarpals.

49
Q

UNcommon name of wrist bones?

50
Q

UNcommon name of backbone/spine?

A

Vertebrae.

51
Q

UNcommon name of coccyx?

52
Q

What are the six types of joints?

A

1) Ball and socket
2) Ellipsoidal
3) Gliding
4) Hinge
5) Pivot
6) Saddle joints.

53
Q

Function and example of ball and socket joints?

A

Enable appendages to move in different directions. Eg shoulder joints.

54
Q

Function and example of ellipsoidal joints?

A

Allow flexion, extension, moving side to side. Eg joints at base of fingers.

55
Q

Function and example of gliding joints?

A

Where bones connected by ligaments slide past each other. Eg mid-carpal, mid-tarsal joints.

56
Q

Function and example of hinge joints?

A

Allow flexion and extension of appendages. Eg elbows and knees.

57
Q

Function and example of pivot joint?

A

Allow one bone to rotate around another Eg atlas and axis

58
Q

Function and example of saddle joints?

A

When concave and convex bones allow forward, backward, side to side movement. Eg thumb joints.

APBI 311 Lab (10 decks)

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