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Bio 121 Lab > Lab 3 and 4 > Flashcards

Lab 3 and 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are fungi composed of

A

Strands of cells called hyphae

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2
Q

What are fungi known to be

A

Major decomposers

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3
Q

Four main Phyla of Fungi

A

Chydridiomycota
Zygomycota
Asomycota
Basidomycota

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4
Q

A group of hyphae

A

Mycelium

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5
Q

Is fungi Motile

A

With the exception of phylum chytridomyta, fungi have non motile reproductive cells

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6
Q

Major Habitat of fungi

A

Terrestrial ( a few are aquatic)

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7
Q

Are fungi uni or multi
Autotrophs or Heterotrophs?

A

Most are multicellular
Heterotrophic

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8
Q

What are cell walls of fungi made of

A

Chitin

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9
Q

What are fungi in terms of eating yum yums

A

Saprobes

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10
Q

Saprobes

A

Fungi use extracellular digestion to breakdown food

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11
Q

What can fungi degrade

A

Cellulose and lignin

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12
Q

How do fungi live

A

In symbionts

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13
Q

Symbiont

A

Those that live in association with other another organism where 2 of them benifit (Like a relationship)

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14
Q

Lichens

A

Assosiation of fungi and algae

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15
Q

mycorrhizae

A

Developing associations with the roots of plants

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16
Q

What do fungi do when their enviroment dries out

A

Quickly produce spores which are waterproof and can be dormant for years

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17
Q

Sexual Reproduction is fungi

A

Two gametes fuse to produce gametangia

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18
Q

Without septa

A

Multinucleate

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19
Q

With septa

A

Uninucleate

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20
Q

Allomyces

A

Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Chytridiomycota

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21
Q

Habitat of Allomyces

A

Small bodies of freshwater

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22
Q

Reproductive structures of allomyces

A

Gametangia and Sporangia

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23
Q

What specialized structure of hyphae do allomyces have

A

Rhizoids

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24
Q

What do rhizoids do

A

Are used to attach to allomyces to its food source in water

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25
Q

How does allomyces get yum yums

A

Saprotroph
Secretes enzymes from its rhizoids to break down its food

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26
Q

Enlarges round cells in allomyces

A

Gametangia

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27
Q

Male gametagnium

A

Light orange in colour

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28
Q

Female gametangium

A

Gray or colourless

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29
Q

Discharged Papillae

A

Opening on the gametangia through which male and female gametes are released

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30
Q

Is allomyces motile

A

Has motile gametes

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31
Q

How do motile gametes move

A

They are flagellated

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32
Q

How can allomyces reproduce

A

Sexually: Gametangia
Sexually: Thick walled sporangia
Asexually: Thin walled sporangia

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33
Q

Difference between Sporangia and gametangia

A

Sporangia are single structures
Gametangia are double wall structured

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34
Q

How does thin walled sporangia do its thing

A

Asexual
Elongate gray or colourless
Have discharged papillae through which DIPLOID SPORES (flagellated) are released for asexual reproduction

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35
Q

What do thick walled sporangia do

A

Reddish brown in colour
can withstand severe envirnomental conditions
Sporangia goes through meiosos to produce hapoloid zoospores

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36
Q

Friends of Allomyces

A

Neocallimastix, Batrachochytrium

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37
Q

Rhizopus

A

Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Zygomycoya

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38
Q

Habitat of rhizopus

A

bread mold
Found in any kitchen and grows on baked goods whenever it has the oppurtunity

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39
Q

3 types of hyphae in rhizopus

A

Stolons, Rhizoids and Sporangiopores

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40
Q

Stolons

A

Form a horizontal branching network which spreads the fungus over the surface of the food source

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41
Q

Rhizoids

A

Short, branched hyphae that penetrate the surface of bread, achoring rizopus to its food source

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42
Q

How does rhizopus use eat yum yums

A

Uses extracellular digestion
Starch molecules too big for rhizopus to digest
Rhizopus secretes enzyme called amylase which breaks down starch into sugar

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43
Q

What do stolons produce

A

Rhizoids
Sporangiospres (Asexual Production)

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44
Q

Sporangiopores

A

Each sporangiospore bears a single reproductive structure called a sporangium.
Numerous spores develop asexually through mitosis within each sporangium

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45
Q

Adaptation of Rhizopus

A

The elongated sporangiospores elevate the sporangium above the surface of the food surface
Allows spores to be exposed to air currents for dispersal

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46
Q

How does rhizopus reproduce sexually

A

Conjugation

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47
Q

Conjugation in Rhizopus

A

Two different mating stains must be pressent growing near each other

Two gametangia fuse

48
Q

What does each stain produce during conjugation

A

Produces short side branches from its haploid hyphae which will become a single called gametangia

49
Q

Two gametangia fuse to

A

become zygosporangium

50
Q

What does the zygosporangium Produce

A

Zygospore

51
Q

Friends of Rhizopus

A

Phycomyces, Entomophthora

52
Q

Ascomycota

A

Largest Fungal Phyla

53
Q

Reproductive structure of ascomycota

A

Ascus

54
Q

What is ascus protected by

A

Ascocarp

55
Q

How is ascocarp formed

A

During sexual reproduction when the haploid hyphae of two mathing strains come into contact

56
Q

What does each ascus produce

A

Haploid ascospores through meiosis

57
Q

Sordaria

A

Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Fungi
Phylum Ascomycota

58
Q

Habitat of Sodaria

A

Dung and decaying plant matter

59
Q

Asocarp in sodaria

A

formed from sexual reproduction
brown and flask shaped

60
Q

Adaptation of Sodaria

A

flask shaped asocsarp grows towards sunlight directing asci and ascospores up through the gaps in the surrounding vegetation.
Enables the spores to be ingested and dispersed by herbivores

61
Q

Friends of sodaria

A

Morels (Morchella), claviceps, ophiostoma

62
Q

Basidomycota reproduction

A

Basidiocarp - basidia - basidospores

63
Q

Agarius Bisporus

A

Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Basidiomycota

64
Q

What does agarius bisporus consists of

A

Vast network of haploid branching hyphae

65
Q

Agarius bisporus habitat

A

underground, buried within their food source

66
Q

oogamous Reproduction

A

Large non motile egg that is fertilized by small, usually motile, sperm

67
Q

Polytrichum

A

Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Bryophyta

68
Q

Dominant Life cycle of polytrichum

A

Gametophyte

69
Q

What is immature sporangium protected by

A

calyptra (hairy cap)

70
Q

what protects the entering of the spore producing region

A

operculum

71
Q

antheridia

A

oval

72
Q

Rhizoids

A

Anchor the plant and absorb water

73
Q

Whats unique about minium

A

Has antheredia and archegonia is seperate gameotophytes
Unisexual

74
Q

What do sterile hairs do

A

Retain water

75
Q

Archegonia

A

Multicellular
Long flask shaped

76
Q

How can polutrichum reproduce

A

Sexually: Alternation of generation
Asexually fragmentation

77
Q

Friends of polytrichum

A

Minium, sphagnum, marchantia

78
Q

How do vascular plants prevent water loss

A

With the cuticle

79
Q

Cuticle

A

Prevents the gas exchnage necessary for photosynthesis from occuring

80
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water

81
Q

phloem

A

Transports sugar

82
Q

lignin

A

Supports the plant body

83
Q

What are spores protected by

A

sporopollenin

84
Q

What does vascular tissue contain for water conducting

A

tracheids

85
Q

Tracheids

A

Water conducting cells
Part of xylem

86
Q

what are vascular plants also called

A

Tracheophytes

87
Q

What does vascular tissue contain for food conducting

A

sieve elements

88
Q

sieve elements

A

part of phloem

89
Q

two groups of vascular plants

A

Seed
Seedless

90
Q

Seedless vascular plants

A

Poscess vascular tissue and are better suited for terrestrial enviroments

91
Q

Lycopodium

A

Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Lycopodiophyta

92
Q

Habitat of lycopodium

A

Part of the undergrowth on forested areas of north america

93
Q

How does lycopodium reproduce sexually

A

Alternation of generations

94
Q

Whats the dominant phase

A

Sporophyte phase

95
Q

the gametophytes of lycopodium can be

A

Photosynthetic above ground or non photosynthetic and subterranean

96
Q

Two stems of lycopodium

A

Aerial Upright stem
Horizontal Rhizome stem

97
Q

What does the rhizome do

A

The rhizome functions in asexual reproduction by producing new aerial stems at regular intervals, allowing the plant to spread horizontally across the forest floor

98
Q

microphylls

A

leaves of the aerial stem

99
Q

Cones or strobilus

A

Apex of the leaf (microphylls)

100
Q

Roots of lycopodium

A

Beared by rhizome

101
Q

Each cone is composed of

A

Sporophylls

102
Q

each sporophyl has

A

a single round sporangium

103
Q

fertilization results in

A

diploid zygote

104
Q

plants that produce spores of only one size

A

homosporous

105
Q

Large spores

A

megaspores

106
Q

Small spores

A

Microspores

107
Q

Phylum Lycopodiophyta has 2 kinds of spores

A

Homospores and Heterospores

108
Q

Friends of Lycopodium

A

Selaginella

109
Q

Pteridophytes

A

Seedless vascular plants
Sporophyte dominant phase
both homosporous and heterosporous

110
Q

megaphylls

A

leaves with vasuclar tissue in form of extensively branched veins

111
Q

Polypodium

A

Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Plantae
phylum Pteridophyta

112
Q

Habitat of polypodium

A

Tropical forests

113
Q

Rhizomes in polypodium

A

Grow horizontally or underneath the ground
only large leaves grow upright

114
Q

Asexual reproduction is achieved by

A

Rhizomes

115
Q

Sexual reproduction in polypodium

A

Alternation of generations
Sporophyte is the dominant stage

116
Q

Gametphytes in polypodium

A

Photosynthetic

117
Q

Friends of polypodium

A

Salvinia, Psilotum, Equisetum

Bio 121 Lab (6 decks)

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