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Bio 121 Lab > Lab 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Lab 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

All Living Organisms have

A

DNA, Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes

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2
Q

Prokaryotes

A

No membrane bound organelles
Usually unicellular
Small

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3
Q

Cell membrane

A

Encloses cytoplasm and the intercellular structures

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Contains ribosomes

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5
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

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6
Q

Fimbriae

A

Fine hairlike extensions which are used for attachment to surfaces

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7
Q

pili

A

Fewer longer extensions which are used to trnasfer or exchange DNA during process of conjugation

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8
Q

Binary Fission

A

Form of asexual reproduction used by prokaryotes

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9
Q

Flagella

A

Used for locomotion

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10
Q

Two main domains of Prokaryotes

A

Domain Bacteria
Domain Archea

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11
Q

What do cell walls of bacteria contain

A

peptidoglycan

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12
Q

Gram Positive bacteria

A

Thick layer of peptidoglycan and will stain purple

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13
Q

Gram negative bacteria

A

Thin layer of peptidoglycan and stained pink

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14
Q

Main difference between gram positive and gram negative

A

Gram negative are pathogenic

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15
Q

Pathogenic

A

Causing disease to the host

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16
Q

hyphae

A

fungi growing in strands or filaments

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17
Q

Bifidobacterium

A

Domain: Bacteria
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Actiobacteria

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18
Q

What is the cell type of bifidobacterium

A

Unicellular

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19
Q

How does Bifidobacterium grow

A

In aggregates called colonies

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20
Q

Coccus shaped

A

Spherical

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21
Q

Bacillus shaped

A

rod shaped

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22
Q

Vibiro

A

Comma shaped

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23
Q

Spirillium

A

Spiral and rigid

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24
Q

What shape is bifidobacterium?

A

Bacillus Shaped - Rod shaped

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25
Q

What type of a bacteria is bifidobacterium

A

Gram Positive Bacteria which means thick peptidoglycan and stained purples

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26
Q

Habitat of Bifidobacterium

A

Human Digestive Tract
More specifically the Human intestine

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27
Q

How does Bifidobacterium get yum yums

A

Heterotrophic
Saprotroph since it uses extracellualr digestion.
It gets energy from the host (human)

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28
Q

Purpose of Bifidobacterium

A

Secretes enzymes into the intestine which break down food into small particles which can be absorbed by bacterium and the host

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29
Q

Adaptations of Bifidobacterium

A

Improves digestion for the host
Has a thick capsule around its cell wall to help it survive in the digestive tract

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30
Q

Friends of Bifidobacterium

A

Streptococcus, Lactobacillius

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31
Q

Streptococcus

A

Spherical Shaped

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32
Q

Lactobascillus

A

Rod shaped

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33
Q

How does Bifidobacterium reproduce

A

BInary Fission

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34
Q

Does Bifidobacterium move?

A

No. its lame

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35
Q

Anabena

A

Domain: Bacteria
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Cyanobacteria

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36
Q

How does anabena/cyanobacteria get food and energy

A

they are autotrophic and use photosynthesis to produce organic molecules

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37
Q

Habitat of Anabena

A

Freshwater blue green alga whoch grows in sloughs and lakes in Saskatchewan

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38
Q

Which cell type in anabena

A

Multicellular

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39
Q

What holds anabena together

A

Gelatinous sheath

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40
Q

How can anabena reproduce

A

Asexually through fragmentation

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41
Q

Heterocysts

A

Enables anabena to fix its own nitrogen

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42
Q

Why is anabena not colonial

A

Because it has specilaized functions due to the presence of heterocyst

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43
Q

Friends on Anabena

A

Gloeocapsa, spirulina, oscillatoria, nostoc, fisherealla

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44
Q

Halobacterium

A

Domain: Archea
Kingdom: Euryarchaeota
Phylum: Euryarchaeota

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45
Q

Which cell type is Halobacterium

A

Unicellular

46
Q

What is the shape of halobacterium

A

Bacillus Shaped: Rod shaped

47
Q

Habitat of Halobacterium

A

Extremely saline water such as dead sea

48
Q

How does halobacterium survive from dehydration

A

Has a unique protein called halorhodospin

49
Q

What does halorhodspin do

A

Specialized protein acts as a light driven chloride pump which maintains high salt concentration within the organism: Preventing from dehydration

50
Q

How does halobacterium acquire food and energy

A

It is a photoheterotroph.
Can obtain ATP from a pigment called bacteriorhodospin
Also captures light

51
Q

What does bacteriorhodospin do

A

Synthesis ATP using energy from the sun light

52
Q

Does Halobacterium move

A

Yes with a rotating flagellum and produces gas vesicles which help it float.

53
Q

Friends of Halobacterium

A

Halococcus Methanomonas

54
Q

How does halobacterium reproduce

A

Asexually using binary fission

55
Q

Colony diameter of Bifidobacterium

56
Q

Colony diameter of Halobacterium

57
Q

Colour of halobacterium

58
Q

Domain Eukarya

A

All organisms are composed of eukaryotic cells

59
Q

Eurkaryotic cells

A

Larger
Have membrane bound organelles

60
Q

Kingdoms of Eukarya

A

kingdom protista
Kingdom fungi
kingdom plantae
kingdom animilia

61
Q

Amoeba

A

Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Amoebozoa

62
Q

What type of cell is amoeba

A

Unicellular

63
Q

Why is amoeba unicellular

A

Has specialized regions within the cytoplasm to carry out all the basic functions

64
Q

Habitat of Amoeba

A

Freshwater and can be found in sloughs around saskatoon

65
Q

How is the pseudopodia formed in the amoeba

A

Cytoplasm flows outwards and pushes the cell membrane outwards forming lobe like pseudopodia

66
Q

What does the contractile vacuole do in the amoeba

A

Osmoregulation: Control of water moving in and out of the cell

67
Q

What does the pseudopodia in amoeba do

A

Locomotion
Uses pseudopodia to engulf prey using phagocytosis
Pseudopodia grows around the prey which is then surrounded by cell membrane making a membrane bound food vacoule

68
Q

How does amoeba get food

A

Heterotrophic: Uses pseudopodia to engulf prey using phagocytosis. Food is digested within the food vacoule using the process of intracellular digestion

69
Q

How are nutrients spread across in amoeba

A

cytoplasmic streaming

70
Q

How does amoeba reproduce

A

Asexually through mitosis

71
Q

Friends of amoeba

A

Entamoeba gigivalis, Entamoeba histolytica

72
Q

Paramecium

A

Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Cliophora

73
Q

What type of cell is paramecium

A

Unicellular

74
Q

How does Paramecium more

A

Swimming with the help of small hair like structures called cilia

75
Q

Pellicle

A

A firm outer covering in the paramecium composed of cell membrane, cilia and internal membranes

76
Q

What is unique about paramecium compared to other animal like protists

A

there is no cell wall

77
Q

How does the paramecium eat yum yum

A

Oral groove which leads to the cell mouth where good enters through a tubular channel. Food particles are packed into a food vacuole and when full in pinches into the cytoplasm and food in digested intacellularly

78
Q

Where are wastes expelled in the paramecium

A

In the posterior end

79
Q

How many contracile vacuoles does paramecium have and what is the function of it

A

it has 2. One at anterior and one at posterior.
Osmoregulation

80
Q

What is unique about paramecium like other members of the cliophora phylum

A

It has 2 types of nuclei: Macronucleus and micronucleus

81
Q

Macronucleus and why is it important

A

in the macronucleus chrmosomes go through repeated duplication. This is an adaptation which allows the cell to produce enough enzymes to maintain the cells large sgape

82
Q

Micronucleus

A

stores genetic information

83
Q

How does paramecium reproduce

A

Sexually: Conjugation (exchanging micronuclei in cytoplasm)
Asexually through mitosis

84
Q

Friends of Paramecium

A

Stentor, Euglena, spirostomum

85
Q

Micarsterias

A

Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Charophyta

86
Q

What is the cell type of miccarsterias

A

Unicellular

87
Q

Habitat of Micarsterias

A

Freshwater

88
Q

Two lines of micarsterias

A

Semi cells

89
Q

What are semi cells connected with

90
Q

Why does micarsterias does not require contractile vacoule

A

Because cell wall prevents water to get in and to burst

91
Q

Where is the nucleus location is the miscarsterias

A

In the insthmus

92
Q

What do semi cells contain

A

Chloroplasts each with chlorophyl a and b required for photosynthesis.

93
Q

What are pyrenoids

A

Found in chloroplast in the semi cells of the micsrsterias. They are conveet sugar to a storage starch which is kept as food reserve

94
Q

Can micarsterias move

A

Yes. Very slowly by secreting mucilage from pores at the apex of each of its semi cells. this results in a gliding movement

95
Q

How does micarsterias reproduce

A

Asexually through mitosis
And sexually through conjugation when 2 haploid cells fuse to create 1 diploid cell called zygote

96
Q

Thick outer covering of the zygote

97
Q

Friends of micasterias

A

Protococcus, selenastrum, chalamydomomas, ulothrix, volvoxm scenedesmus, ulva, porphyra

98
Q

Fucus

A

Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Protista
Phylum: Phaeophyta

99
Q

What kind of cell is fucus

A

Multicellular

100
Q

How does fucus get energy and nutrients

A

Autotrophic: Obtains its energy from photosynthesis using the photosynthetic pigments chlorophylls a, c1 and c2 and the brown pigment fucoxanthin.

101
Q

Habitat of fucus

A

live high on rocky marine shorelines and are exposed to the air at a low tide

102
Q

What helps fucus to float on a high tide

A

Pneumatocysts

103
Q

Pneumatocysts

A

Air sacs scattered throughout its body which serve to keep alga floating on high tides

104
Q

What helps fucus attach to tocks

105
Q

What is the body of fucus called

106
Q

blade or lamina

A

Flattened leaf like stuff which makes up the tallus

107
Q

Stipe

A

Contains the holdfast at the base of the stipe

108
Q

Receptacles

A

Swollen tips on some of the branches

109
Q

Conceptacles

A

On the swollen bumps there are tiny bumps.
These bumps contain sexual reproductive structures
There are small cave like cavity called conceptacle

110
Q

Where are male and female gameted produced

A

Conceptacles

111
Q

Adaptation of Fucus

A

The recessed conceptacles are an adaptation to the algas coastal habitit and prevent sexual organs from drying out at low tide

112
Q

Friends of fucus

A

Kelp and diatoms

Bio 121 Lab (6 decks)

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