Lab 2 - Human brain Flashcards
corpus callosum
white matter.
Commissural fibres which link the L and R hemispheres
the _______ is grey matter thrown into ridges: _______ and folds: _______
the cortex is grey matter thrown into ridges: gyri and folds: sulci
location of the primary visual cortex
in the occipital lobe, centered over the calcarine sulcus
location of the basal ganglia. Which parts are visible?
the basal ganglia are deeply buried in each hemisphere. The head of the caudate nucleus will likely be visible as a bulge on the wall of the lateral ventricle
Thalamus structure, function and location
- two lobes connected by the intermediate mass
- relays almost all of sensory input to the cortex
- large structure under the lateral ventricle and surrounded by the 3rd ventricle around the intermediate mass
hypothalamus structure, function and location
- small “triangular” shaped
- controls internal body functions, and the autonomic nervous system
- superior to the pituitary and inferior to the thalamus and 3rd ventricle
pituitary gland
a gland attached to the hypothalamus and controlled by it, but always torn off when the brain is removed from the skull because it is embedded into the skull
4 things that make up the diencephalon of the forebrain
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- pituitary gland
- third ventricle
- internal capsule
lateral ventricle
contains choroid plexus for CSF production
if a groove is deep it is called
fissure
mamillary body
reflexes to smell
midbrain constitutes…
- superior and inferior colliculi
- cerebral aqueduct
- cerebral peduncles
- substantia nigra
superior and inferior colliculi
superior colliculus = reflexes to sight
inferior colliculus = reflexes to sound
cerebral aqueduct
links the 3rd and the 4th ventricles.
matchstick size.
cerebral peduncles is a ______ _______ ______ which makes up the floor of the _______. They carry information between the _______ and the spinal cord (__________ fibres) and between the ________ and the pons (___________ fibres).
cerebral peduncles is a white matter tract which makes up the floor of the midbrain. They carry information between the cortex and the spinal cord (corticospinal fibres) and between the cortex and the pons (corticopontine fibres).
Hindbrain structures include…
- pons
- medulla
- cerebellum
- 4th ventricle
pons
carries corticospinal fibres and nuclei of cranial nerves
medulla
carries corticospinal fibres e.g. the pyramids, cranial nerve nuclei, and grey matter (which controls breathing and heart).
cerebellum
fine motor control , balance
IPSILATERAL control
brainstem =
midbrain + hindbrain - cerebellum
how to identify the central sulcus
follow back the three gyri of the frontal lobe (superior frontal, middle frontal, inferior frontal) until they crossed by a major gyrus running transversely across the hemisphere = precentral gyrus.
most superior lobe of the brain
parietal
which lobe is defined by the central sulcus and the lateral fissure
frontal
lobe inferior to the lateral fissure
temporal
most posterior lobe of the brain
occipital
pre-central gyrus
primary motor cortex
post-central gyrus
primary somatosensory cortex
exner’s area
- coordinates/controls hand movements for writing
- middle frontal gyrus
- anterior to the pre-central gyrus
Broca’s speech area
- coordinates/controls larynx and tongue for speech
- inferior frontal gyrus
- anterior to the pre-central gyrus
Wernicke’s speech area
- main processing centre for spoken language
- sounds become speech with meaning
- posterior to the PAC below the lateral fissure
longitudinal fissure
separates left and right hemispheres
supramarginal and angular gyri
interprets visual symbols as written words
primary auditory cortex
tonotopic representation of sounds, adjacent and anterior to Wernicke’s
primary visual cortex
visuotopic
the putamen and globus pallidus sit _______ and ________ to the thalamus.
the putamen and globus pallidus sit lateral and anterior to the thalamus.
the caudate nucleus is _-_______ with its large head attached to the ________ anteriorly.
the caudate nucleus is c-shaped with its large head attached to the putamen anteriorly.
how does the folding of the cortex affect its available area?
triples it
3 structures which make up the superficial part of the hemispheres in the forebrain
- cerebral cortex
- corpus callosum
- lateral ventricles
- primary visual cortex
what makes up the basal ganglia of the forebrain?
- caudate nucleus
- putamen
- globus pallidus
function of the basal ganglia
motor centres which initiate and terminate gross body movements, and control muscle tone.
commissural fibres
link BETWEEN HEMISPHERES e.g. corpus callosum L to R
projection fibres
link SUPERIOR and INFERIOR structures e.g. internal capsule inf. to sup.
association fibres
link ANTERIOR to POSTERIOR e.g. arcuate fasciculus
hearing a question and speaking a reply: receive input: understand: plan response: conduct response: feedback:
hearing a question and speaking a reply: receive input: PAC understand: Wernicke's plan response: Broca's conduct response: PMC feedback: PAC - Wernicke's
reading a written question and writing a reply: receive input: understand: plan response: conduct response: feedback:
reading a written question and writing a reply:
receive input: PVC
understand: Supramarginal and angular gyri
plan response: Exner’s area
conduct response: PMC
feedback: PVC - Supramarginal and angular gyri
