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medscionefourtwo > Autonomic and Endocrine Systems > Flashcards

Autonomic and Endocrine Systems Flashcards

1
Q

PNS

A
  • Cranial nerves
  • spinal nerves
  • ganglia
  • peripheral nerves
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2
Q

CNS

A
  • Brain

- Spinal cord

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3
Q

afferent neurons

A

sensory

towards the spinal cord

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4
Q

efferent neurons

A

motor

away from the spinal cord

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5
Q

somatic

A

voluntary - skeletal muscle

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6
Q

autonomic

A

involuntary

sympathetic or parasympathetic - Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

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7
Q

synaptic transmission

A
  1. nerve impulse
  2. voltage gated Ca2+ channel
  3. synaptic vesicle fuses to presynaptic neuron
  4. neurotransmitter diffuses across cleft
  5. binds receptor on ligand-gated channels
  6. Na+ enters
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8
Q

alarm response

A

sympathetic

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9
Q

relaxation response

A

parasympathetic

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10
Q

constriction of bronchi

A

parasympathetic

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11
Q

contraction of pupil

A

parasympathetic

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12
Q

decreased salavation

A

sympathetic

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13
Q

decreased digestion

A

sympathetic (because its a long-term process we don’t need)

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14
Q

pupils dilate

A

sympathetic

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15
Q

sympathetic response associated with…

A

exercise, emotion, excitement

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16
Q

parasympathetic response associated with…

A

repletion, rest, relaxation

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17
Q

sensory input for autonomic nervous system

A

mainly interoceptors (internal sensing)

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18
Q

sensory input for somatic nervous system

A

special senses and somatic senses

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19
Q

control of output for autonomic

A

involuntary from limbic system, hypothalamus, brain stem and spinal cord

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20
Q

control of output for somatic

A

voluntary control from cerebral cortex

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21
Q

motor neuron pathway for autonomic

A

two-neuron pathway

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22
Q

motor neuron pathway for somatic

A

one-neuron pathway

23
Q

neurotransmitters in autonomic

A

ACh and noraepinephrine

24
Q

neurotransmitters in somatic

A

ACh

25
Q

effectors of the autonomic nervous system

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

26
Q

effectors of the somatic nervous system

A

skeletal muscle

27
Q

noraepinephrine found where in the autonomic nervous system

A

postganglionic sympathetic fibres other than to sweat glands

28
Q

Raynaud disease

A

excessive sympathetic stimulation following emotional stress or exposure to the cold, leading to chronic vasoconstriction, which causes fingers and toes to become ischemic (lack of blood) and appear white.

29
Q

ACh found where in the autonomic nervous system

A
  • preganglionic axons
  • postganglionic parasympathetic
  • postganglionic sympathetic to sweat glands
30
Q

Hypothalamus controls…

A
  • internal organs via autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland
  • body temperature
31
Q

Hypothalamus regulates…

A
  • behavioural patterns, circardian rythyms and sleep/wake cycles
  • eating and drinking behaviour
32
Q

Endocrine hormones affect

A

distant target cells

33
Q

paracrine hormones affect

A

nearby target cells

34
Q

autocrine hormones affect

A

same target cell

35
Q

Mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones

A
  1. lipid soluble hormone diffuses into cell
  2. activated receptor-hormone complex alters gene expression
  3. newly formed mRNA directs synthesis of specific proteins on ribosomes
  4. new protein alters cell’s activity
36
Q

Mechanism of action of water-soluble hormones

A
  1. binding to receptor activates G protein which activates adenyl cyclase
  2. activated adenyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
  3. cAMP serves as a second messenger to activate protein kinases
  4. activated protein kinases phosphorylate other enzymes
  5. phosphorylated enzymes catalyse reactions that produce physiological responses
37
Q

Action of CHOLERA

A

Cholera toxin binds to G protein and locks G protein in active state. This leads to high cAMP which pumps Cl- into the lumen of the intestines. Water flows out = CHRONIC DIARRHOEA

38
Q

infundibulum

A

connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

39
Q

hormones of the hypothalamus

A
  • 9 hormones

- releasing and inhibiting hormones to control pituitary

40
Q

hormones of the pituitary

A
  • 7 hormones

- controlling endocrine organs

41
Q

pituitary and hypothalamus work together to…

A

regulate growth, development, metabolism, homeostasis

42
Q

hypothalamic control of the pituitary gland

A

hypothalamic neurosecretory cells release hormones from axon termini - hypophyseal portal vein - secondary plexus - pituitary target cells

43
Q

adrenal medulla (hormones, stimulated by, principal actions)

A
  • Hormones: Epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • Stimulated by: ACh from sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons
  • Principal actions: Enhance alarm response
44
Q

adrenal cortex hormones

A

A) Mineralocorticoids

B) Glucocorticoids

45
Q

stimulation and action of Mineralocorticoids

A

increased K+ and Angiotensin II in the blood stimulates release. Mineralocorticoids then act to increase blood Na+ and water and decrease K+ which results in an increased blood volume and pressure

46
Q

stimulation and and action of glucocorticoids

A

stimulated by ACTH from pituitary which in turn is stimulated by CRH from the hypothalamus. glucocorticoids act to dampen inflammation and depress immune responses (resistance reaction to stress)

47
Q

aldosterone

A

mineralocorticoid

48
Q

cortisol

A

glucocorticoid

49
Q

Negative feedback effects on pituitary gland (cortisol example)

A
  1. CRH released from the hypothalamus
  2. ACTH released from the anterior pituitary
  3. cortisol released from adrenal cortex
  4. elevated cortisol inhibits release of ACTH by anterior pituitary corticotrophs
  5. elevated cortisol inhibits release of CRH by hypothalamic neurosecretory cells
50
Q

Actions of glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol)

A
  • Increased protein breakdown (mainly in muscle fibres)
  • glucenogenesis
  • lipolysis
  • resistance to stress
  • vasoconstriction
  • anti-inflammatory (inhibit WBCs that participate in the inflammatory response)
  • immune depression
51
Q

2 stages of the stress response

A
  1. fight-or-flight response:
    - sympathetic
    - immediate
    - adrenal medulla (norepineprine and epinephrine)
  2. resistance reaction:
    - long lasting
    - adrenal cortex (cortisol)
52
Q

How does long-term sympathetic affect th heart

A

heart working harder and capillaries constricted which leads to a greater risk of cardiac infarct (heart attack)

53
Q

types of stress

A
  1. eustress (acute) - prepares us to meet a challenge, beneficial
  2. distress (chronic) - associated with undesirable events, potentially harmful.
54
Q

links between neuroendocrine and immune system. ______ nerves and ______ (e.g. cortisol) are features of the _________ system which influence the ________ system. The ______ system uses _______ (______ hormones) as its influence back onto the ________ system.

A

links between neuroendocrine and immune system. autonomic nerves and Hormones (e.g. cortisol) are features of the neuroendocrine system which influence the immune system. The immune system uses cytokines (immune hormones) as its influence back onto the neuroendocrine system.

medscionefourtwo (16 decks)

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