Lab 10 Flashcards
What makes white matter white?
Myelination of axons
What is the main consituent of gray matter?
Neural somas, synapses (axonal terminals AND dendrites) and nueroglial cells
List the name and functions of
Neuroglial Cells
CNS
1. Oliogodendrocytes – form myelin and spinal cord
2. Ependymal cells – lines cavities of braina nd spinal cord; secrete and circulate CSF
3. Microglia – destroy foreign matter and microorganisms
4. Astrocytes – support; forms BBB; nourish neurons; communicate electrically with neurons
PNS
1. Schwann cells – regeneration; form myelin
2. Satellite cells – Suround neuronal somas in the ganglia, provide insulation and regulate chemical environment
Ventricles of the brain
- House CSF
- CSF provides bouyancy, protection from mechanical trauma, homeostasis of the brain, and clearing waste
Difference between Sulci and Fissures
Sulci = Small indentations that seperate gyri
Fissures = Large divisions that seperate cerebral lobes/ cerebellum and cerebrum
What role do convolutions/ folds have on the brain?
Maximize surface area of the brain so that a very large surface area can fit in a small space
Epithalamus
- Composed of the pineal gland and the habenula
- Relay from the limbic system to the midbrain
Function of the
Hypothalamus
- Hormone secretion (controls pituitary gland)
- Autonomic control center
- Thermoregulation
- Regulates hunger and thirst
- Sleep and circadian rytym
- Memory
- Emotional and sexual behavior
Function of the
Corpus Callosum
responsible for information exchange between hemispheres
Function of the
Cerebellum
- Touch
- Spatial perception
- Timekeeping
- Language output
- Coordination of skeletal muscular actitvity
Function of the
Optic chiasma
- responsible for sensory cross-over from the right eye to the left hemisphere
Function of the
Thalamus
Sensory
1. “Gateway” to cerebral cortex
2. Relay station for sensory stimuli
Motor:
1. relays signals from the cerebellum to the cerebrum
2. Provides feedback loops between cerebral cortex and basal nuclei
- Also memory and emotional functions of the limbic system
Function of the:
Reticular Formation
- Somatic motor control
- Cardiovasular control
- Pain modulation
- Sleep and consciousness
- Habituation
Function of the:
Amygdala
Emotional regulation
Function of the:
Basal Ganglia
- Masses of gray matter buried in white matter
- Motor control
Corpus striatum:
1. Caudate nucleus
2. Putamen
3. Global pallidus
Function of the
Limbic System
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Basal Ganglia
- Singulate gyrus
- Hippocampus
- Amygdala
A dysfuncitonal limbic system is associated with autism, epilepsy
Function of the
Pituitary Gland
the ‘master’ gland
Function of the
Brainstem
- Midbrain
- Pons
- Medulla Oblongata
Function of the:
Medulla oblongata
Sensory:
1. Hearing, equilibrium, touch, pressure, temperature, taste, pain
Motor:
2. Chewing, swalloing, gagging, salivation, vomiting, respiration, speech, coughing, sneezing, sweating, cardiovascular + gastrointestinal control, and head, enck, and shoulder movements
Function of the:
Pons
- Termination of CN V - VIII
- Sensory - hearing, equilibrium, taste, touch, pain
- Motor - eye movement, facial expressions, chewing, swalling, urination, and the secretion of saliva and tears
- Sleep, respiration, posture
Function of the:
Midbrain
- Contains: cerebral aqueduct, reticular formation, and motor nuclei of CN III and IV
Function of the:
Parietal lobe
- taste
- somatic sensation
- sensory integration
- visual processing
- language processing
- numberical awareness
Function of the:
Frontal lobe
- decision making
- mood
- emotional control
- voluntary motor control
Function of the
Temporal lobe
hearing, smell, emotion, learning, language comprehension, memory consolidation
Function of the:
Diencephalon
- Thalamus
- Epithalamus
- Hypothalamus
Function of the:
Cerebrum
- Frontal Lobe
- Insula (taste, pain, visceral sensation, consciousness, emotion + empathy, cardiovascular homeostasis)
- Parietal lobe
- Occipital lobe
- Temporal lobe
- Precentral + Postcentral gyri
- central and lateral sulcus
