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Lab 1 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

What is necessary for evolution to occur due to natural selection?

A

Variation, Heritability and Differential survival

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2
Q

3 types of natural selection

A
  1. Directional
  2. Stabilizing
  3. Diversifying
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3
Q

What characteristics of the snails were important for survival?

A

Snails with thicker shells were important for survival

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4
Q

How does shell thickness affect survivorship?

A

The thicker the shell the more likely the snail is to survive due to natural selection

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5
Q

What is heritability?

A

Describes the extent to which genes influence the value of a trait

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6
Q

How evolution can still occur if there is no variation in a population.

A

When survival is not differential but heritable variation exists, the population may evolve, but the mechanisms of evolution is genetic drift

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7
Q

Example of differential

A

A crab chooses a thin shelled over thick shelled due to convenience, so thin and thick are treated the same

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8
Q

What are mutations?

A

A copying error within an individuals genetic code

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9
Q

What role do Mutations play in the evolution of populations?

A

Every genetic feature in every organism was, initially, the result of a mutation

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10
Q

What is a fossil?

A

The preserved remains of a plant or animal that lived in the past

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11
Q

What type of specimens are not fossils

A

-igneous rock
-modern bone
-modern shell
-wood

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12
Q

How are fossil remains used to determine common ancestry or support hypotheses of
common ancestry?

A

The fossil record and comparisons of anatomical similarities between organisms enables the inference of lines of evolutionary descent

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13
Q

What organisms are used in exercise 1 of the lab – organizing organisms?

A

Adobe, birds, alligators, fish, lamprey, salamanders, nudibranch

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14
Q

When looking at fossils how do you determine, which fossils are oldest versus
youngest?

A

Relative Dating

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15
Q

What type of relationship did Novell and Novacek find between their predicted and
actual appearance of traits in the fossil record?

A

strong correlation between their predicted evolutionary timeline of traits; confirming that their models closely matched the real-world data of trait evolution in vertebrates.

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16
Q

When looking at fossils, how do you determine which fossils are oldest versus youngest?

A

-Straitgraphy
-Radiometric Dating
-Index Fossil

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17
Q

Index Fossil

A

Certain fossils are known to only appear in specific time periods, helping to date the layers.

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18
Q

Radiometric Dating

A

Uses the decay of radioactive isotopes in surrounding rocks to estimate the age of fossils.

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19
Q

Stratigraphy

A

Fossils found in lower rock layers are older, while those in higher layers are younger

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20
Q

What type of organism provided evidence for the earliest known jaws?

A

Placoderms - an extinct group of armored prehistoric fish. These jaws allowed for more efficient feeding.

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21
Q

What is the significance of Tiktaalik rosea?

A

Shows how vertebrates evolved to move from water to land.

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22
Q

Tiktaalik rosea

A

A transitional fossil between fish and tetrapods

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23
Q

When designing lizards in the second exercise, what traits were not an option?

A

-Feathers
-Endothermy
-Mammalian traits

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24
Q

How did the lizards acquire their traits in the 3rd exercise - Evolving Lizards?

A

Environmental conditions and pressures favored certain traits that improved survival and reproduction.

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25
What are the criteria for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
-Large population size -No mutation -No gene flow/migration -Random mating -No natural selection
26
What are the different Hardy-Weinberg (HW) equations?
p² + 2pq + q² = 1 p + q = 1
27
What is p?
Dominant allele
28
What is q?
Recessive allele
29
What is p²?
Homozygous dominant
30
What is q²?
Homozygous reccessive
31
2pq
heterozygous
32
What is a phenotypic frequency?
The proportion of individuals in a population that exhibit a particular trait not related to hardy weinbrug
33
What is a genotypic frequency?
The proportion of individuals in a population with a specific genotype related to hardy-weinburg
34
What is an allele frequency?
The proportion of a specific allele in a population's gene pool. related to hardy-weinburg
35
What are alleles?
Variant forms of a gene
36
What are Sickle Cell alleles?
These alleles cause red blood cells to form a sickle shape.
37
How does the inheritance of sickle cell alleles affect a population?
Homozygous (SS): Leads to sickle cell disease Heterozygous(AS): Provides malaria resistance
38
What is the selective pressure for keeping sickle cell alleles in a population?
Heterozygote advantage
39
What happens to allele frequency if the selective pressure is no longer in effect?
-Stabilize -Return to levels -Drift
40
Describe what is necessary for designing effective nature reserves for endangered species.
-Sufficent size -Habitat quality -Connectivity -Minimizing human impact -Biodiveristy Focus -Long-term Managment
41
What is effective population size?
the size of an idealized population that would experience the same rate of genetic drift, inbreeding, and loss of genetic diversity as the actual population under study
42
How is effective population size determined?
Divide the number of individuals with the trait by the total population. Multiply by 100.
43
How is effective population size determined?
Ne = 4 x Nm x Nf / Nm + Nf
44
Genetic drift
A random change in allele frequencies within a population due to chance
45
what types of populations does genetic drift have its greatest effect on?
Small populations
46
What does it mean for an allele to become fixed?
When it reaches a frequency of 100%, meaning all individuals in the population carry that allele
47
What is a founder effect?
A small group leaves the large group population
48
What is a bottleneck effect?
A natural effect depletes multiple indiv. of a population
49
When you ran the Flowers and Trees lab, how were the evolutionary trees developed?
Shared derived traits ex. flower color, shape
50
What do the nodes of a phylogenetic tree tell you?
Each node represents a common ancestor shared by the species or groups that branch from it
51
Does the order of the nodes tell you anything about the tree?
Reflects the sequence of divergence over time
52
What traits of the flowers lead to their diversification?
-Color -Shape -Scent -Nectar Production
53
What is convergent evolution?
When two or more unrelated species independently evolve similar traits or adaptations due to similar environmental pressures
54
What are phylogenetic trees?
diagrams that illustrate the evolutionary relationships among different species, organisms, or genes, showing how they are related through a common ancestor
55
What are shared derived traits?
traits that are shared by a group of organisms and were inherited from their most recent common ancestor
56
SIR Model
Suspectible groups Infected groups Recovered groups
57
Direct transmission
Disease spread through direct contact between individuals, such as touching or coughing.
58
Indirect transmission
Disease spread via intermediate objects or vectors
59
R0 (basic reproduction number)
The average number of people one infected individual will transmit the disease to in a fully susceptible population.
60
Herd immunity
When enough of the population is immune to a disease it reduces the spread, protecting unvaccinated individuals.
61
Inanimate vector / formites
Non-living objects that transmit disease, like doorknobs or utensils
62
Biological vector
Living organisms that transmit diseases ex. Malaria-mosquitoes
63
Fecal-oral transmission
Spread of disease through ingestion of food or water contaminated with fecal matter
64
Susceptible individual (S)
A person who has no immunity to a disease and can be infected.
65
Antibiotics
Medications used to treat bacterial infections by killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria
66
Viral vs. Bacterial infection
-Viruses require a host cell to replicate and are treated with antivirals or prevented by vaccines -Bacteria are single-celled organisms that can be treated with antibiotics
67
Infectious period (L)
The duration during which an infected individual can transmit the disease to others.
68
Quarantine
The isolation of individuals who have been exposed to or are infected with a contagious disease to prevent its spread.
69
Transmission rate (β)
Probability of disease transmission per contact between a susceptible and infected individual.
70
Infectious individual (I)
A person who has the disease and can spread it to others.
71
Virulence
The severity or harmfulness of a disease, indicating how likely it is to cause severe symptoms or death
72
Describe the different modes of transmission for diseases.
-Direct Contact -Airbone -Vector-Borne -Formite Transmission -Waterborne/Foodborne -Vertical Transmission
73
Direct Contact
Spread through physical contact with an infected person
74
Airbone
Spread through droplets in the air from coughing or sneezing
75
Vector-Borne
Transmitted by insects or animals
76
Waterborne/Foodborne
Spread through contaminated water or food
77
Formite Transmission
Spread via contaminated surfaces or objects
78
Vertical Transmission
From mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding
79
Describe the different ways in which the spread of viruses can be controlled.
-Vaccination -Isolation -Hyglene Measure -Social Distancing -Masks and Respiratory Protection -Travel Restriction -Vector Control
80
Describe the difference between viruses and bacteria.
Viruses -Non-living -Smaller -Antiviral Bacteria -Living -Bigger -Antibiotics
81
How do quarantines and vaccines reduce the spread of diseases?
Q: Isolated exposed indiv. V: Slows or stops disease
82
Does the method of control depend on the transmission mode of the virus?
Yes ex. viruses
83
Exponential Growth
Population grows rapidly, without limits - J-shaped curve
84
Describe the SIR model of disease transmission rates. What do each of the terms stand for?
The SIR model divides a population into three groups -S uspectible -I nfected -R ecovered
85
Logistic Growth
Population growth slows as it reaches a limit -S-shaped curve
86
Increasing R₀
Predicts faster and wider disease transmission, requiring a higher vaccination rate to control spread.
87
Decreasing R₀
Predicts slower transmission and fewer infections, needing a lower vaccination rate to stop the disease.
88
Describe how the R0 model is used in determining vaccination rates.
The R₀ model helps determine the minimum vaccination rate needed for herd immunity
89
What value of R0 will we see a spread of disease or a cessation of disease spread.
R₀ > 1: Disease will spread. R₀ < 1: Disease spread will slow and eventually stop. R₀ helps predict the potential for outbreaks.
90
How does vaccination rate help the general population?
High vaccination rates protect the general population by preventing disease spread, reducing outbreaks, and creating herd immunity
91
How does the proportion vaccinated affect the SIR model?
proportion vaccinated affect the SIR model? A higher proportion vaccinated reduces the susceptible (S) population in the SIR model. This lowers the number of people who can get infected, causing the infected (I) curve to peak lower and the outbreak to end sooner, with more people in the recovered (R) group due to vaccination rather than infection.
92
Describe the spread of measles and how it cycles through populations
Measles spreads quickly through populations via airborne droplets from infected individuals. then resurges when immunity wanes or new births introduce susceptible individuals.
93
Birth Rate Impact
Higher birth rates increase the number of susceptible individuals, making outbreaks more frequent as the pool of those without immunity grows.
94
the different curves on a graph that represent the terms of the SIR model.
S (Susceptible): Starts high and decreases as people get infected. I (Infected): Rises rapidly, peaks, then falls as people recover. R (Recovered): Starts low, increases as people recover and gain immunity.
95
What is acquired immune response?
The body's specific defense against pathogens, activated after exposure. ex. b-cells, t-cells, memory
96
Bacterial Infection
Treated with antibiotics, which kill or inhibit bacteria. Overuse of antibiotics can lead to resistance.
97
What is the difference between treating a virus versus a bacterial infection?
Antibiotics work on bacteria, not viruses. Viruses require antivirals or prevention through vaccines.
98
How do vaccines work?
inserts dead or weakened pathogen to produce a primary immune response so that the immune system then will have a faster response if it ever encounters the actual pathogen

BIO 112 (9 decks)

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