Lab 1 - Blood plasma

Question 1

Role of blood?

Answer 1

Protect the homeostasis for the cells and tissues. Transport feeding materials, metabolities, hormones and enzymes.

Question 2

What does blood consist of?

Answer 2

Fluid and a corpuscular part (red and white blood cells, platelets)

Question 3

Separation methods

Answer 3

1. Centrifugation: corpuscular elements in bottom, upper yellow liquid is blood plasma (fibrogen +).
2. Stand: Plasma is squeezed out (fibronigen -)

Question 4

What does the water solvent contain?

Answer 4

AA, TG, FFA, cholesterol, vitamins, proteins (enzymes- ALT, AST, AP)

Question 5

Ingredients of blood plasma in mammals and their conc.

Answer 5

Na+-140, K+-5, Ca2+2.5, Mg2+1.0, CT-103, HCO3- -27, HPO42-/H2PO4 -1-1.5, glucose (monogastic) -5-6 and plasma proteins(albumins, globulins and enzymes) -60-80g/l.
In lower conc.: free amino acids, triglycerids, fatty acids, cholesterol and vitamins are also found in blood.

Question 6

Most common methods in blood-plasma measuring

Answer 6

The acitivity of ALT-alanine aminotransferase, AST-aspargine aminotransferase and ALP-alkaline phosphatase

Question 7

Types of homeostasis

Answer 7

• Isovoleamia
• Isoosmosis
• Isoionia
• Isohydria
• (Isothermia)

Question 8

Examination of the ion content of the blood plasma

Answer 8

The most omportant ions Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and the inorganic phaphate ions HPO42-/H2PO4-.

Question 9

Isovolemia when decreasing/increasin ECF, blood and ISF

Answer 9

ECF: dehydration/hyperhydration
Blood: hypovolaemia/hypervolaemia
ISF: - / oedema

Question 10

Osmolarity def.

Answer 10

Number of solute particles per unit volume

Question 11

How many osmol is 1 mol glucose, NaCl and blood plasma

Answer 11

• 1 mol glucose–1 osmol
• 1 mol NaCl–2 osmol
• Blood plasma: 300 mosmol (osmolarity of 9 g/l NaCl – physiological saline)

Question 12

What happens with the isosmosis in a hypertonic, isotonic and hypotonic sol.?

Answer 12

Hypertonic: 3%NaCl-RBC shrink
Isotonic: 0.9%NaCl-No change
Hypotonic: 0.3%Nacl-RBC disrupts

Question 13

Def. on: Homeostasis, Isosmosis, Isovolemia, Isoionia, Isohydria

Answer 13

Constancy of...
Homeostasis: internal environment. 
Isovolemia: volume of ECF
Isosmosis: osmotic pressure in the ECF
Isoionia: conc. of ions in ECF
Isohydria: pH in the ECF

Question 14

[H+] x [OH-] = ?

Neutral?

Answer 14

10^-14 mol/l

Neutral: [H+]=[OH-]=10^-7 mol/l

Question 15

How to calculate pH?
Neutral, acidic, alkaline?
pH of the blood plasma?

Answer 15

-log[H+]
–Neutral pH 7
–Acidic pH 7 [H+] ↓
-Blood plasma: 7.4(7.35-7.45)

Question 16

Regulation of pH

Answer 16

–Kidney ↑ (HCO3- ↑)
–Intestine ↓ (HCO3- ↓)
–Lung ↑ (CO2 ↓)
–Buffer systems

Question 17

Buffer systems

Answer 17

Weak acid/base pairs
–H2CO3/HCO3 - EC
–H2PO4-/HPO42 - IC
–HbO2/Hb – blood

Question 18

Buffer capacity def.

Answer 18

The amount (in mols or mmols) of monovalent strong acid or base which changes the pH of 1 l
buffer solution by 1 unit.

Question 19

Study of blood plasma components

Answer 19

• Detection – qualtative

* Measurement – quantitative

Question 20

Flame photometry def.

Answer 20

Detection/measurement of alkali and alkali-earth metals (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+).

Question 21

How flame photometry works

Answer 21

Uses acetulen gas and compressed air. High temp.->burning. Atoms go into induced state → e- jump into a higher number of e- path. When return → loose energy → emit light

Question 22

Spectrophotometry def.

Answer 22

Measurement of coloured solutions

Question 23

Transmission and absorbance

Answer 23

• Transmission: It/I0

* Absorbance: log(I0/It)

Question 24

Absorption maximum

Answer 24

A special wavelength where the absorbtion of the solution is maximal

Question 25

Spectophotometry “rules”

Answer 25

• Absorbance depends only on the concentration.
• But absorbance of cuvette, solvent and everything else in the solvent has to be taken into consideration too.
• Need a blank sample
• Absorbance->conc.

Question 26

Enzymes

Answer 26

• Alkaline phosphatase
• Catalisators of certain chem. R
• E+S→ES→EP→E+P 
– E – enzyme
– S – substate
– P – product

Question 27

Enzyme activity

Answer 27

– Decrease of the substrate

– Increase of the product