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FN Lab Practical > Lab #1 > Flashcards

Lab #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What view of the brain is this?

A

Lateral

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2
Q

What view of the brain is this?

A

Sagittal

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3
Q

What view of the brain is this?

A

Coronal

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4
Q

Telencephalon

A

Cerebrum

(cerebral cortex, cerebral hemispheres, hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia)

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5
Q
A

A) Lateral Ventricle

B) Fornix

C) Thalamus

D) 3rd ventricle

E) Massa intermedia

F) Pineal gland

G) Posterior Commissure

H) Hypothalamic sulcus

I) Hypothalamus

J) Anterior Commissure

K) Cerebral Aqueduct

L) 4th Ventricle

M) Foramen of Luschka

N) Choroid Plexus

O) Superior Colliculi

P) Inferior Colliculi

Q) Mamillary body

R) Interventricular foramen of Monro

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6
Q

Occipital Lobe Function, Location

A
  • Function: Visual info processing
  • Location:
    • Posterior/caudal to imaginary line from parieto-occipital sulcus to pre-occipital notch
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7
Q

Calcarine Sulcus

A
  • Divides the occpital lobe into two
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8
Q

Primary Visual Cortex (V1)

A
  • Occipital lobe
  • Superior and inferior to calcarine fissure
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9
Q

Association Visual Cortex (V2)

A
  • NOT actually part of occipital lobe
  • Two major pathways:
    • WHERE pathway: parietal lobe
    • WHAT pathway: temporal lobe
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10
Q

Parietal Lobe Functions

A
  • Sensory integration
  • Spatial orientation
  • Language
  • “Where” visual processing
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11
Q

Postcentral Gyrus

A
  • Parietal Lobe
  • AKA Primary Somatosensory cortex
  • Uses somatotopic organization for sensory (skin) touch
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12
Q

Supramarginal Gyrus

A
  • Parietal Lobe
  • Basically the gyrus around the edge of the lateral fissure
  • Language processing
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13
Q

Angular Gyrus

A
  • Parietal Lobe
  • Language processing
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14
Q

Temporal Lobe Functions

A
  • Hearing
  • Language
  • Visual “What” processing
  • Memory
  • Recognition
  • Reaction system
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15
Q

Temporal Lobe Key Features

A
  1. Transverse temporal gyrus (Heschl’s)
  2. Superior temporal gyrus
  3. Wernicke’s Area
  4. Limbic Lobe
    1. Parahippocampal gyrus
    2. Hippocampus
    3. Amygdala
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16
Q

Transverse Temporal Gyrus

A
  • AKA Heschl’s Gyrus
  • Located in roof of superior temporal gyrus (must be pulled away from the insula to see)
  • Primary auditory cortex
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17
Q

Wernicke’s Area Location, Function

A
  • Temporal Lobe
    • In superior temporal gyrus
    • ONLY ON SPEECH DOMINANT (LEFT) SIDE
    • Anteriolateral to the supramarginal and angular gyri
  • Function: deconde verbal info into sound (comprehension)
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18
Q

Medial Temporal Components

A

Some of Limbic Lobe

  1. Parahippocalmpal Gyrus
  2. Hippocampus (memory)
  3. Amygdala (emotional responses)
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19
Q

Frontal Lobe Functions, Key Features

A
  • Intelligence, personality, motivation, executive control, motor command
  • Anterior to central sulcus, superior to lateral fissure
  • Contains:
    • Precentral gyrus/primary motor cortex
    • Inferior frontal gyrus (Broca’s area) on speech dominant side
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20
Q

Precentral Gyrus

A
  • Frontal lobe
  • Primary motor cortex
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21
Q

Broca’s Area

A
  • Inferior frontal gyrus
  • ONLY ON SPEECH DOMINANT SIDE
  • Motor speech (speech production)
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22
Q

Limbic Lobe Function, Components

A

Function: emotions, basic drives, memory, smell

Includes frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes

Components:

  • Cingulate gyrus
    • Emotion formation
    • Processing, learning, memory
  • Uncus
    • Smell
  • Parahippocampal gyrus
    • Memory coding and retrieval
  • Hippocampus
    • Memory formation and recall
  • Amygdala
    • Emotion, emotional association learning
  • Insula
    • Taste, visceral sensation, emotional pain
    • Interoception
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23
Q

Cingulate Gyrus Location, Function

A
  • Limbic Lobe component
  • Superior to corpus callosum (frontal)
  • Functions:
    • Emotion formation and processing
    • Learning
    • Memory
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24
Q

Uncus Location, Function

A
  • Limbic lobe component
  • Located at medial, anterior edge of the temporal lobe
  • Function: smell
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25
Q

Parahippocampal Gyrus Location, Function

A
  • Limbic lobe component
  • Surrounds, connects to hippocampus in MTL
  • United with cingulate gyrus at the isthmus
  • Function: memory encoding and retrieval
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26
Q

Hippocampal Formation Location, Function

A
  • Limbic lobe component
  • Most medial edge of telencephalon (MTL)
    • Fornix is a major output
  • 3-layered structure
  • Function: memory formation, recall
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27
Q

Isthmus

A

Connects the cingulate gyrus with the parahippocampal gyrus in the temporal lobe

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28
Q

Fornix

A
  • Major output of the hippocampus
  • ARches over the thalamus
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29
Q

Amygdala Location, Function

A
  • Limbic lobe component
  • Comple of nuclei in antero-medial temporal. lobe, anterior to hippocampus
  • Functions:
    • Recognizing, reacting to challenges in environ
    • Associative learning (non-emotional stim can acquire emotional salience)
    • Emotion
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30
Q

Insula Location, Function

A
  • Limbic lobe component
  • Can only be seen by opening the opercula of lateral fissure
  • Functions:
    • Taste
    • Visceral sensation
    • Emotional aspects of pain
    • Connects to amygdala for interoception (awareness of how our bodily states change in response to stim)
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31
Q

Basal Ganglia

A
  • Subcortical gray matter in the telencephalon, deep to the insula
  • Functions:
    • Activates, coordinates internally generated movements (action selection! Not stimulus bound)
    • Consolidates procedural memory
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32
Q

Diencephalon Components

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Epithalamus
  • Subthalamus
33
Q

Thalamus Location, Function

A
  • Diencephalon
  • In the walls of the 3rd ventricle
  • Processes sensory, motor info to/from cerebral cortex
34
Q

Hypothalamus Location, Function

A
  • Diencephalon
  • Separated from (superior) thalamus by the hypothalamic sulcus
  • Functions:
    • Integrates autonomic, endocrine, and limbic functions
    • Maintenance of homeostasis
35
Q

Epithalamus Location, Function

A
  • Diencephalon
  • AKA Pineal Body
  • Unpaired (only one!)
  • Produces melatonin, releases into circulation when prompted by hypothalamus
    • Circadian rhythms
36
Q

Brainstem Components

A
  • Medulla
    • Olives
    • Pyramids
  • Pons
  • Midbrain
    • Cerebral peduncles
37
Q

Brainstem Functions

A
  • CNs: sensory, motor nuclei
  • Regulation of:
    • Cardiac and respiratory function
    • CNS
    • Consciousness
    • Sleep cycle
38
Q

Craninal Nerve Origins

A
  • Brain or Brainstem
  • EXCEPT for CN XI
39
Q

Cranial Nerves innervate head and neck except for…

A

CN X which also innervates below the neck

40
Q

Somatic Efferent Neurons

A
  • Motor
  • Originate in brainstem
  • Project to muscles in periphery
41
Q

Somatic Afferent Neurons

A
  • Sensory
  • Originate in periphery
  • Central process enters CNS
  • Cell body lives in peripheral (like DRG)
42
Q

Visceral Efferent

A
  • Autonomic motor
  • Preganglionic neuron originates in brainstem CNS
  • Projects to postganglionic glangia in periphery
43
Q

Visceral Afferent Neuron

A
  • Sensory
  • Originates in periphery
  • Central process enters CNS
  • Cell body lives in periphery
44
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Motor control:
    • Synergizing, correcting movements
    • Maintaining upright posture
    • Maintaining muscle tone
45
Q

Endosteal layer of dura mater

A
  • Lines surface of bone fossae
  • Tough, fibrous tissue
  • Receives sensory innervation from CN V branches
46
Q

Meningeal Layers

A
  1. Dura (outermost)
    1. Outer endosteal layer
    2. Inner meningeal layers
  2. Arachnoid
  3. Pia
47
Q

Dural Inner meningeal layers

A
  • Split to close the dural venous sinuses
  • Provide sheath for exiting CN
  • Note: dural sinuses are NOT located between meningeal and endosteal layers but rather between meningeal layers.
48
Q

Extradural/Epidural Space

A

Potential space between endosteal (outermost) dura and skull

49
Q

Subdural Space

A

Potential space between the meningeal dura and arachnoid

50
Q

Arachnoid

A
  • Meningal layer between dura and pia
  • Loosely connected to pia by arachnoid trabeculae
  • Subarachnoid space: CSF-filled space between arachnoid and pia with arteries, veins
51
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

CSF-filled space between arachnoid and pia with arteries, veins

52
Q

Falx Cerebri

A

Dural fold between two hemispheres (in longitudinal fissure)

53
Q

Tentorium Cerebelli

A
  • Dural fold between cerebrum and cerebellum
  • Compartment above: supratentorial
  • Compartment below: subtentoral
  • Tentorial incisure: free end of tentorium that allows brainstem to pass through
54
Q

Tentorial incisure

A

Free end of tentorium cerebelli that allows brainstem to pass through

55
Q

Location of Dural Venous Sinuses

A

Between layers of meningeal dura

56
Q

Spinal Cord Meningal Layers

A
  1. Dura
    1. NO true endosteal layer; just meningeal
    2. Instead, true epidural space filled with CSF
  2. Arachnoid
  3. Pia
57
Q

Conus Medullaris

A
  • End of spinal cord
  • At level L1/L2 of vertberal disc
  • Dural sac continues to scrum at level S2
58
Q

Lumbar Cistern

A
  • Enlargement of subarachnoid space
  • Below L1/L2 and above S2
  • Safe for lumbar punctures
59
Q

Cingulate Sulcus Location

60
Q

Collateral Sulcus Location

A

Lateral border of the parahippocampal gyrus

61
Q

Meningeal Layers and Spaces (outer to inner)

A
  1. Skull
  2. Epidural/extradural space (potential)
  3. Endosteal layer
  4. Dura mater
  5. Subdural space (potential)
  6. Arachnoid mater
  7. Subarachnoid space (CSF filled)
  8. Pia mater
62
Q

Middle meningeal artery

A
  • Vessel that is a branch of the external carotid system
  • Primarily supplies cranial bones
  • Is located in the dura
  • Damage:
    • Extradural bleeding, forming an extradural hematoma (space-occupying)
    • Present like a “lens” on CT/MRI
63
Q

Extradural Hematoma

A
  • Caused by damage to a middle mengineal artery
  • Creates a “lens” shaped hematoma in epidural space
  • Is a space-occupying lesion
64
Q

Medial Temporal Lobe Components

A
  1. Parahippocampal gyrus
  2. Hippocampus
  3. Amygdala
65
Q

Arachnoid Granulations, Lacunae

A
  • Along lateral edge of superior saggital sinus
  • Actively return CSF to the blood
66
Q

Superior Anastomotic Vein of Trolard

A

Runs in/close to central sulcus

67
Q

Subdural Hematoma

A
  • Results from rupture of a bridging vein
  • Blood spreads widely throughout subdural space
68
Q

Subarachnid Hemorrhage

A
  • Results from damage to a cerebral artery (stroke or aneurysm)
  • Blood fills the subaracnoid spaces (cisterns)
69
Q

Trabeculae

A
  • Connections betweenarachoid and pia in the subarachnoid space
70
Q

Communicating Hydrocephalus

A
  • Extraventricular obstructions where CSF is able to evacuate the ventricular system and enter the subarachnoid space
71
Q

Non-communicating Hydrocephalus

A
  • Interventricular obstruction that prevents CSF from “communicating” with subarachnoid space
72
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

73
Q

Mesencephalon

74
Q

Metencephalon

A

Pons and cerebellum

75
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

Medulla, pons, cerebellum

76
Q

Parieto-occipital sulcus

A

Separates parietal from occipital lobe

77
Q

Preoccipital notch

A

Separates the occipital lobe from the temporal lobe

78
Q

Calcarine sulcus

A

Separates the occipital lobe into two

FN Lab Practical (6 decks)

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