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Biology 120 > Lab 1-3 Exam > Flashcards

Lab 1-3 Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Key points for setting up a microscope.

A
  • start on low power
  • center and focus
  • set the condenser
  • move un to high power, remember to center and focus
  • adjust iris diaphragm
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2
Q

What is the formula for estimating the actual size of a cell/organism?

A

diameter of field of view/ # of times the cell/organism fits across the field of view

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3
Q

What is the diameter of field of view for the 4x, 10x, and 40x objective lens?

A

4.40mm, 1.75mm, 0.44mm

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4
Q

What four basic structural features do all living cells have?

A
  • plasma membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • DNA
  • ribosomes
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5
Q

Define prokaryotes

A

cell or organism that lacks membrane-bound organelles and a true nucleus

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6
Q

Define glycocalyx

A

it traps water and protects the bacterium from desiccation

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7
Q

Define capsule

A

a very thick glycocalyx in bacterial cells which prevent the bacteria from being destroyed by an animal’s immune system or to help them adhere to surfaces

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8
Q

Define nucleoid

A

region of prokaryotes where genetic material is located (usually one circular chromosome)

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9
Q

Define eukaryotes

A

cell or organism that contains membrane-bound organelles and a true nucleus

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10
Q

Eukaryotic cells are ______ in size than prokaryotic cells.

A

larger

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11
Q

Chromosomes in eukaryotes are….

A

linear

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12
Q

Cell wall material in prokaryotes

A

polysaccharides and amino acids

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13
Q

Cell wall material in plants and fungi

A

cellulose or chitin respectively

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14
Q

What factors may contribute to pollution in the samples?

A
  • climate
  • sewage
  • pesticide
  • run-off
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15
Q

Examples of Light Microscopy

A

Fluorescence Microscopy

Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

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16
Q

Examples of Electron Microscopy

A

Transmission Electron Microscopy

Scanning Electron Microscopy

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17
Q

Prokaryotes include what groups of organisms?

A

bacteria and archaea

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18
Q

Eukaryotes include what groups of organisms?

A

plants, fungi, animals, and protists

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19
Q

Define plasmids

A

small pieces of circular DNA

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20
Q

What are the three types of plastids?

A

chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts

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21
Q

Green pigments that capture light energy used in photosynthesis called ________ are located on the _____________ in chloroplasts.

A
  • chlorophyll

- thylakoid membranes

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22
Q

Define plasmodesmata

A

slender cytoplasmic connections used by plant cells to communicate

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23
Q

Define stomata

A

where gas exchange occurs

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24
Q

Define guard cells

A

regulate the opening and closing of stomata

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25
Q

Define anthocyanins

A

blue, purple, and red pigments that occur in the central vacuole some plants and are water soluble

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26
Q

Define pseudopodia

A

cellular extensions that form, enabling the organism crawl and perform phagocytosis

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27
Q

What cytoskeletal component is responsible for pseudopod formation?

A

microfilaments

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28
Q

Define phagocytosis

A

a process where pseudopodia encircles and traps small animals and other food particles to be packaged into food vacuoles

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29
Q

Define contractile vacuole

A

functions in osmoregulation

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30
Q

Define osmoregulation

A

maintenance of a constant internal solute concentration by an organism

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31
Q

What cytoskeletal component are cilia and flagella made of?

A

microtubules

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32
Q

Define cell wall

A

provides support and protection

33
Q

Define central vacuole

A
  • stores water, enzymes, ions, proteins, pigments, toxins

- provides support through maintenance of turgor pressure

34
Q

Define chloroplasts

A
  • where photosynthesis occurs

- contains chlorophyll

35
Q

Define chromoplasts

A

-plastids that contain pigment (carotenoids) that give colouration to attract for pollination and seed dispersal

36
Q

Define cilia

A

-short appendages that facilitate locomotion

37
Q

Define cytoplasm

A

-creates an environment for processes that take place in the cell

38
Q

Define cytoskeleton

A

gives cell shape and structure

39
Q

Define microtubules

A

structure and movement of cilia + flagella, cell organization and shape

40
Q

Define microfilaments

A

cell strength, shape + structure

41
Q

Define flagella

A

long appendages used for locomotion

42
Q

Define food vacuole

A

contains food particles engulfed by cell

43
Q

Define golgi apparatus

A

modifies, stores, and ship products of the ER

44
Q

Define leucoplasts

A

-plastid that lacks pigments; stores + produce different macromolecules

45
Q

Define lysosome

A

-contains hydrolytic enzymes that digest a cells food + wastes

46
Q

Define mitochondria

A

carries out cellular respiration and supplies majority of ATP

47
Q

Define nucleolus

A

where ribosome subunit assembly occurs

48
Q

Define nucleus

A

contains the cells genetic material and controls cells function, DNA synthesis, and RNA transcription

49
Q

Define plasma membrane

A

separates a cell’s contents from surrounding environment and regulates passage of substance in and out of cell; selectively permeable

50
Q

Define ribosomes

A

found in cytoplasm and synthesizes protein

51
Q

Define rough ER

A

initial synthesis + sorting proteins for export; studded with ribosomes

52
Q

Define smooth ER

A

lipid synthesis + modifications; detoxification of drugs and alcohol, calcium storage, glycogen breakdown

53
Q

Define vesicles

A

contains macromolecules for storage, transport, or secretion

54
Q

Define solute

A

a substance that is dissolved in a liquid

55
Q

Define solvent

A

a liquid that has dissolved or can dissolve

56
Q

Define solution

A

a liquid and its dissolved solutes

57
Q

Define passive transport

A

transport occurs without the expenditure of energy (diffusion and osmosis)

58
Q

Define diffusion

A

the random movement of molecules of a substance from an area of high concentration of that substance to an area of low concentration of that substance.

59
Q

Define osmosis

A

the movement of a solvent (usually water) through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration

60
Q

Define isotonic

A

solute concentrations are same inside and outside of cell; therefore, equal movement of water in and out

61
Q

Define hypertonic

A

if a cell has a higher solute concentration than their environment

62
Q

Define hypotonic

A

cells have a lower solute concentration than their environment

63
Q

Define turgor pressure

A

the plasma membrane forced to push outward

64
Q

Define plasmolysis

A

contraction of a plant cell as a result of loss of water

65
Q

Define binary fission

A

prokaryotic cell division (circular chromosome replicates, cell wall and cell membrane grow inward to divide into two, identical daughter cells)

66
Q

Define chromatin

A

DNA and associated proteins

67
Q

Define genes

A

specific nucleotide sequences of DNA that code for particular characteristics

68
Q

Define mitosis

A

division of the nucleus, resulting in two genetically identical daughter nuclei

69
Q

Define cytokinesis

A

division of cytoplasm between resulting daughter cells

70
Q

What are some of the major functions of mitosis?

A

-production and maintenance of multicellularity
(development from zygote, to embryo, to adult)
-asexual reproduction
-replacement or old/damaged tissue

71
Q

Describe Interphase

A

G1: cell growth, organelles form
S: DNA replicates
G2: resumes growth

72
Q

Describe prophase

A

-chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope disintegrates , spindle microtubules begin to form

73
Q

Describe metaphase

A
  • spindle apparatus is fully formed
  • microtubules attach to centromeres of chromosome which have
  • lined up an mid point of the spindle
74
Q

Describe Anaphase

A
  • centromeres of each replicated chromosome separate and

- single chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles

75
Q

Define telophase in plant cells

A
  • single chromosomes at poles begin to uncoil,
  • nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes
  • cytokinesis begins and cell plate forms and grows outward until it forms a complete cell wall that separates the two daughter cells
76
Q

Define telophase in animal cells

A
  • single chromosomes at poles uncoil
  • nuclear envelope begins to form around each group
  • cytokinesis begins and cleavage furrow forms between the 2 nuclei and pinches the cell into 2 separate daughter cells
77
Q

Define multicellular

A

single organisms that have specialized cells that perform different functions

78
Q

Define pyrenoid

A

contained within the chloroplast and is responsible for the synthesis of starch from the sugars produced by photosynthesis

79
Q

Define colony

A

composed of individual cells or organisms that adhere to each other and may communicate with each other

Biology 120 (16 decks)

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