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Class 215 > Lab 1 > Flashcards

Lab 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 most common arrangements of coccus

A

Coccus, diplococci, streptococci, staphylococci, tetrad, sarcina,

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2
Q

What is the shape of coccus

A

Sphere

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3
Q

What is the name of
this coccus

A

Coccus

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4
Q

What is the name of
this coccus

A

Diplococci

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5
Q

What is the name of
this coccus

A

Staphlococci

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6
Q

What is the name of
this coccus

A

Streptococci

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7
Q

What is the name of
this coccus

A

Sarcina

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8
Q

What is the name of
this coccus

A

Tetrad

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9
Q

What are the 4 most common arrangements of bacillus

A

Bacillus, coccobacillus, diplobacilli, streptobacilli,

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10
Q

What is the shape of bacillus

A

Rod shaped

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11
Q

What is the name of
this bacillus

A

Coccobacillus

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12
Q

What is the name of
this bacillus

A

Bacillus

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13
Q

What is the name of this bacillus

A

Diplobacilli

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14
Q

What is the name of
this bacillus

A

Staphylbacillus

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15
Q

What are the three most common shapes of spiral bacteria

A

Spirillum, vibrio, spirochete

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16
Q

What is the name of
this spiral bacteria

A

Spirochete

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17
Q

What is the name of
this bacteria shape

A

Vibrio

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18
Q

What is the name of
this bacillus

A

Spirillum

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19
Q

Describe how microorganisms are classified and distinguished as unique species

A

Taxonomy and nomenclature, morphological characteristics, biochemical tests, genetic analysis, serological test

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20
Q

Compare historical and current systems of taxonomy used to classify microorganisms

A

Historically, microorganisms were classified based on physical traits like shape and function, with early systems grouping them with plants or animals. Today, taxonomy relies on genetic analysis, particularly through DNA and rRNA sequencing, which provides a more accurate classification based on evolutionary relationships.

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21
Q

Define bacteria

A

Unicellular prokaryotes with no nucleus that come in the shapes of cocci, bacillus, spiral

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22
Q

Define archaea

A

Prokaryotes often found in extreme environments

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23
Q

Define fungi

A

Eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular (yeast) or multicellular (molds)

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24
Q

Define protozoa

A

Unicellular eukaryotes that lack a cell wall and use structures like cilia or flagella or pseudopodia. They can cause diseases like malaria

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25
Q

Define algae

A

Photosynthetic eukaryotes that can be unicellular or multicellular found in aquatic environments. They produce oxygen and form many food webs.

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26
Q

Define viruses

A

Acellular entities consisting of dna OR rna encased in a protein coat. They are
intercellular parasites requiring a host cell to replicate

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27
Q

Define helminths

A

Multicellular parasitic worms such as round or flat worms which are visual to the naked eye but classified as microscopic because of their microscopic eggs and larvae

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28
Q

Define prions

A

Infectious protein particles that cause neurodegenerative diseases

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29
Q

Bacteria : Escheriachia coli (e.coli)

A

Commonly found in the intestines of humans or animals. Some strains cause food borne illness

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30
Q

Archaea: Halophiles

A

Thrive in extreme salty environments like the Dead Sea

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31
Q

Fungi: Aspergillus

A

A mold that can cause respiratory infections

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32
Q

Protozoa: Giardia Lamblia

A

Causes giardiasis, a diarrheal illness spread through infected water

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33
Q

Algae: Chlorella

A

A unicellular green algae used in food supplements

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34
Q

What is the appearance of a yeast cell

A

Clear stained ovals with smooth edges

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35
Q

Nucleus physical structure

A

Enclosed by the nuclear envelope

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36
Q

Nucleus chemical structure

A

Made up of nucleus acids

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37
Q

Nucleus function

A

Storing genetic information

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38
Q

Mitochondria physical structure

A

Double membrane enclosed with a inner and outer membrane

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39
Q

Mitochondria chemical structure

A

Composed of organelles like proteins, lipids, and mitochondrial dna

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40
Q

Mitochondria function

A

Produces energy through cell respiration

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41
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum physical structure

A

Network of membranous tubules and sacs

42
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum chemical structure

A

Made primarily of lipids and proteins

43
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum function

A

Synthesize proteins (rer) and synthesizes lipids (ser)

44
Q

Golgi apparatus physical structure

A

Stacked, flat membranous sacs called cisternae

45
Q

Golgi apparatus chemical structure

A

Primarily lipids and proteins

46
Q

Golgi apparatus function.

A

Modify, sort and package proteins/lipids for storage and transport

47
Q

Lysosomes physical structure

A

Membrane bound vesicles

48
Q

Lysosomes chemical structure

A

Contain enzymes like lipases

49
Q

Lysosomes functions

A

Break down waste materials

50
Q

Cytoskeleton physical structure

A

Network of protein fibers like micro filaments, intermediate filaments and micro tubules

51
Q

Cytoskeleton chemical structure

A

Composed primarily of proteins like actin and myosin

52
Q

Cytoskeleton chemical structure

A

Composed primarily of proteins like actin and myosin

53
Q

Cytoskeleton function

A

Provided structural support

54
Q

Plasma membrane physical structure

A

A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

55
Q

Plasma membrane chemical structure

A

Composed of lipids and proteins

56
Q

Plasma membrane function

A

Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

57
Q

Cilia and flagella physical structure

A

Hair-like projections (cilia) or long, whip-like tails (flagella) composed of microtubules.

58
Q

Chemical structure of cilia and flagella

A

Made of proteins, primarily tubulin

59
Q

Cilia and flagella function

A

Involved in cell movement (flagella) and moving substances across the cell surface (cilia).

60
Q

Key points of endo symbiotic theory

A

some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the same size as prokaryotic cells and divide by binary fission. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA which is circular, not linear.

61
Q

Explain the distinguishing characteristics of prokaryotic cells

A

lack an organized nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotic DNA is found in a central part of the cell called the nucleoid.

62
Q

Describe common cell morphologies

A

Spirochete : thin, flexible spiral shaped cells
Vibrio : comma shaped or curved rod

63
Q

Single cell arrangements

A

Individual cells that do not group together after division.

64
Q

Diplo cell arrangements

A

Cells arranged in pairs after division.

65
Q

Strepto cell arrangement

A

Cells arranged in chains.

66
Q

Staphylo cell arrangement

A

Cells arranged in grape-like clusters

67
Q

Tetrad

A

Cells arranged in groups of four

68
Q

Sarcina

A

Cells arranged in cubical packets of eight, 16, or more cells

69
Q

Cytoplasm physical structure

A

Gel-like substance filling the cell

70
Q

Cytoplasm chemical structures

A

Mostly water with enzymes, salts, ions, and other organic molecules.

71
Q

Cytoplasm function

A

Site for metabolic activities, including cellular respiration, and holds internal components in place.

72
Q

Nucleoid physical structure

A

Irregularly shaped region containing genetic material.

73
Q

Nucleoid chemical structure

A

Primarily composed of DNA and proteins (chromosome).

74
Q

Nucleoid function

A

Contains the genetic information for the cell

75
Q

Ribosomes physical structure

A

spherical structures made of rRNA and proteins.

76
Q

Ribosomes chemical structure

A

Composed of two subunits (50S and 30S in prokaryotes)

77
Q

Ribosomes function

A

Protein synthesis through translation of mRNA

78
Q

Plasmids physical function

A

Small, circular DNA molecules separate from chromosomal DNA.

79
Q

Plasmids chemical structure

A

Made of dna

80
Q

Plasmids function

A

Carries genes for antibiotic resistance or other survival advantages.

81
Q

Inclusion bodies physical structure

A

Granules or vesicles in the cytoplasm.

82
Q

Inclusion bodies chemical structure

A

Contain various substances like lipids, phosphate, glycogen, or sulfur

83
Q

Inclusion bodies function

A

Storage of nutrients or building materials for future use.

84
Q

Prokaryotic plasma membrane

A

Thin, flexible barrier surrounding the cell.
• Chemical

85
Q

Prokaryotic Plasma membrane chemical structure

A

Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

86
Q

Prokaryotic Plasma membrane function

A

Regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell and facilitates communication with the environment.

87
Q

Prokaryotic cell wall physical structure

A

Rigid outer layer surrounding the plasma membrane

88
Q

Prokaryotic cell wall chemical structure

A

Composed of peptidoglycan in bacteria (and various polysaccharides in archaea)

89
Q

Prokaryotic cell wall function

A

Provides structural support and protection, prevents osmotic lysis.

90
Q

Glycocalyx (Capsule or
Slime Layer)
• Physical Structure:

A

Gelatinous, sticky substance outside the cell wall.

91
Q

Glycocalyx (Capsule or
Slime Layer) chemical structure

A

Composed of polysaccharides, proteins, or both.

92
Q

Glycocalyx (Capsule or
Slime Layer) function

A

Helps in attachment to surfaces, evasion of the immune system, and protection against desiccation.

93
Q

Flagella
• Physical Structure:

A

Long, whip-like appendages extending from the cell surface.

94
Q

Flagella chemical structure

A

Made of the protein flagellin.

95
Q

Flagella function

A

Provides motility by rotating like a propeller.

96
Q

Fimbriae and Pili
• Physical Structure:

A

Hair-like projections shorter than flagella.

97
Q

Fimbriae and Pili chemical structure

A

Composed of the protein pilin.

98
Q

Fimbriae and Pili function

A

Involved in attachment to surfaces (fimbriae) and genetic exchange between cells (pili)

99
Q

Endospores
• Physical Structure:

A

Dormant, tough structures formed inside some bacteria.

100
Q

Endospores chemical structure

A

Contain
DNA, ribosomes, and dipicolinic acid surrounded by several protective layers.

101
Q

Endospores function

A

Allow the cell to survive extreme environmental conditions.

Class 215 (6 decks)

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