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Class 215 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process of microbial fermentation

A

A fermentation process that used bacteria, molds, and yeast to convert sugars into gases, organic acids, and alcohols

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2
Q

What helps add color to microbes for better observation

A

Staines and dyes

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3
Q

Explain the immersion oil microscopy process

A

A small step that is just putting oil on the specimen slide to help with reducing light refraction

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4
Q

Growth medium process

A

To support the growth of microorganisms/cells

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5
Q

Who introduced the three domain system

A

Carl woese

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6
Q

Describe bacteria domain

A

Prokaryotic microbes with peptidoglycan cell walls

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7
Q

What microbes can be uni or multicellular and photosynthetic

A

Algae

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8
Q

How do helminths infect

A

If one drinks contaminated water that has water fleas infected with guinea worm larvae

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9
Q

Describe viruses

A

*acellular
* inactive w/o host cell
*not apart of phylogenetic tree

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10
Q

Explain horizontal gene transfer

A

Échange of genes between organisms of the same species

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11
Q

Explain bergeys manual

A

It classifies and identify bacteria and some archaea

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12
Q

Archaea and bacteria are similar in size but bigger than

A

Viruses

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13
Q

Purpose of phylogenetic trees

A

Depict evolutionary relationships among organisms

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14
Q

Multicellular fungi (mold) characteristics

A

*found in soil, damp places, rotten food
*decomposes dead plants/animals
*composed of long filaments

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15
Q

Name 2 identification methods

A

*non visual characteristics
* biochemical test

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16
Q

Explain how viruses act

A

Go into host cells and use their cell mechanisms for replication and continues to spread

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17
Q

How can bacteria be identified (test)

A

Biochemical test, serological test, and genetic testing

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18
Q

Name unicellular fungi (yeast) characteristics

A

*beneficial for bread rise and beverage fermentation
*eukaryotic
*asexual reproduction by budding

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19
Q

Describe serological test

A

check for the presence or level of specific antibodies in the blood

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20
Q

Microbe roles

A

*decomposers
* produce photosynthesis
* fight pathogens
* aid in digestion

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21
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

*photosynthetic
*uses sunlight to fix co2

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22
Q

Roles of non pathogenic strains

A

*digestion help
*provided chemicals
* combat pathogenic microbes

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23
Q

What did Robert Koch show a link between

A

A single microbe and disease

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24
Q

Who is Hippocrates

A

The father of western medicine and also rejected the idea about disease and believed it was caused by environment and the body

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25
Q

Describe eukarya domain

A

Eukaryotic organisms with membrane bound organelles including plants, animals, fungi, and protists

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26
Q

Describe archaea domain

A

Prokaryotic organisms genetically distinct from bacteria, often found in extreme environments

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27
Q

What contribution did Carolus Linnaeus contribute

A

Developed taxonomic system classifying and identifying living organisms. He also created binomial nomenclature

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28
Q

What did Carlos Linnaeus phylogenetic tree contain

A

Animalia and plantae

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29
Q

What did Robert Whittaker tree contain

A

5 kingdoms. Protista, monera, fungi, animalia, plantae

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30
Q

What determines evolutionary relationships

A

Dna, RNA, and protein comparisons

31
Q

How did Carl worse discover archaea

A

By analyzing sequences of rRNA

32
Q

What type of bacteria is e..coli 0157:H7

A

Pathogenic

33
Q

What are fungi, plantae, bacteria, archaea cell walls made of

A

Fungi (chitin), Bacteria (peptidoglycan), Archaea (pseudopeptidoglycan), Plantae (cellulose)

34
Q

What is the biggest difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and have a nucleoid instead but eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

35
Q

Purpose of DNA and RNA sequencing

A

To identify and classify bacterial species

36
Q

Louis Pasteur Contributions

A

*Germ Theory Disease
* Created pasteurization
* developed vaccines

37
Q

What is fermentation

A

Metabolic processes using organisms like bacteria and yeast to convert sugars into energy in the absence of oxygen

38
Q

What is pasteurization

A

Method of heating liquids like milk and wine to kill harmful micro organisms and preventing spoilage

39
Q

Why are phylogenetic tree comparisons important

A

Because they show how organisms are related and how they evolved

40
Q

What are modern analysis of phylogenetic trees

A

Biochemical test, Genetic Test, and embryological test

41
Q

Hierarchical levels in order

A

Domain (dear), kingdom (king), phylum (Phillip), class (come), order (over) , family (for), genus (good) , species (soup)

42
Q

Concept of strains

A

a genetic variant or subtype of a microorganism

43
Q

Define taxonomy

A

Classification, description, identification, and naming of living organisms

44
Q

What 2 things did Ernest Haekel introduce

A

Protista (for unicellular organisms) and monera (for organisms w/o nuclei)

45
Q

What purpose did Marcus varro propose

A

Invisible minute créatures in the air caused disease

46
Q

Function of ecosystems

A

Biofuels, Foods, Medicines

47
Q

Who is Thucydides

A

The father of scientific history

48
Q

What did antonie leeunhoek discover using a microscope

A

Single celles organisms in a drop of rain water (known today as protists and bacteria)

49
Q

What did Thucydides contribue

A

Cause and effect evidence as well as gathering evidence

50
Q

Prokarya include

A

Bacteria and archaea

51
Q

What historical evidence suggests humans have been aware of micro organisms

A

Prehistoric food development like cheese and bread

52
Q

Pathogen

A

Microbe or agent that causes disease in its host

53
Q

What is the cell theory

A

All living things are composed of cells, all living things have at least 1 cell

54
Q

Impact of vaccines

A

protect against getting serious diseases that can harm or kill a baby, child or adult. Vaccines also lower the chance that you or your child will spread a disease.

55
Q

Importance of micro organisms

A

help you digest food, protect against infection and even maintain your reproductive health

56
Q

Microbes role in decomposition

A

Bacteria break down (or decompose) dead organisms, animal waste, and plant litter to obtain nutrients.

57
Q

Pasteurization

A

process – one which heats milk and other dairy products for very specific amounts of time and at certain temperatures to kill bacteria and germs, but not alter the nutrition or taste of the product.

58
Q

Koch postulates

A

guidelines for establishing that microbes cause specific diseases

59
Q

Germ theory

A

the theory that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms, organisms too small to be seen through a microscope

60
Q

Edward Jenner

A

Developed the first vaccine

61
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Coined the term cell

62
Q

Louis Pasteur flask swan neck experiment

A

He boiled nutrient broth in flasks with long, curved necks that allowed air in but prevented microorganisms from entering. No microbial growth occurred in the sterilized broth as long as the flask’s neck was intact. When the neck was broken, microorganisms entered, and growth appeared. This experiment supported the theory of biogenesis, demonstrating that life arises from pre-existing life, and helped establish the germ theory of disease.

63
Q

Francesco Reid fly meat experiment

A

He got six jars in total each with meat. 2 were uncovered, 2 covered with Guaze, 2 tightly sealed. He observed that without covers meat contained flys and with covers meat did not. This laid the foundation that maggots were the offspring of flys and not spontaneous generation

64
Q

What is an example of a bacteria

A

Blue green algae and mycoplasma (Among prokaryotes, bacteria are the most common and multiply very fast)

65
Q

What is an example of fungi

A

Yeast (unicellular/eukaryotic) molds (multicellular/ eukaryotic)

66
Q

Example of a plant cell

A

Trees and flowers

67
Q

Example of some algae

A

Giant kelp, brown algae

68
Q

Example of some protist

A

Amoeba and slime mold

69
Q

Example of some archaea

A

Methanogens and hyperthermophiles

70
Q

Joseph listers

A

Introduced antiseptic techniques to surgery

71
Q

What is biogenesis

A

the hypothesis that living matter arises only from other living matter.

72
Q

What type of microscope would be used to see bacteria and why

A

A compound light miscorscope because it is sufficient to see bacteria at a 1000x magnification

73
Q

What type of microscope would be used to see viruses and why?

A

Electron microscope because virus’s are much smalller and these microscopes can see organisms at a much higher magnification

Class 215 (6 decks)

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