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Class 215 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Are gram pos bacteria found in all bacteria

A

No

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2
Q

Gram pos bacteria description

A

Thick layer of peptidoglycan teichoic acids

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3
Q

Gram POs bacteria function

A

Provides structural support, protection, and cell shape

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4
Q

Are gram POs bacteria pathogenic

A

No but some can cause disease

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5
Q

What is a treatment controls for gram POs bacteria

A

Penicillin

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6
Q

Is gram neg bacteria found in all bacteria

A

No only in gram neg

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7
Q

Gram neg description

A

Thin layer of peptidoglycan with outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides

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8
Q

Gram neg cell wall function

A

LPS contributes to immune responses in host

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9
Q

Is gram neg bacteria pathogenic

A

Can be do to its presence of LPS; endotoxins

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10
Q

Treatment controls for gram neg bacteria

A

Polymyxins

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11
Q

Is prokaryotic cell wall acid fast bacteria found in all bacteria

A

No

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12
Q

prokaryotic cell wall acid fast description

A

Waxy layer of mycolic acids which makes it difficult to separate standard dyes

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13
Q

prokaryotic cell wall acid fast function

A

Some antibiotic resistance and protects from desiccation

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14
Q

Pathogenic cell wall acid fast

A

Some are , not all

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15
Q

prokaryotic cell wall acid fast treatment controls

A

Isoniazid, targets mycolic acid synthesis

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16
Q

Is Prokaryotic cell wall atypical found in all bacteria

A

No

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17
Q

Prokaryotes Prokaryotic cell wall atypical description

A

Lack of peptidoglycan layer and has sterols instead providing structural support

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18
Q

Is Prokaryotes Prokaryotic cell wall atypical pathogenic

A

No, can be

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19
Q

Prokaryotes Prokaryotic cell wall atypical treatment controls

A

Macrolides, antibiotics target ribosomes since bacteria lack a cell wall

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20
Q

Are Prokaryote capsules found in all bacteria

A

No, only in some gram POs and neg

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21
Q

Prokaryote capsules description

A

Forms a gelatinous outer layer, made of polysaccharides

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22
Q

Prokaryote capsules function

A

Protects bacteria from phagocytosis, helps attach to surfaces

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23
Q

Are Prokaryote capsules pathogenic

A

No but they can contribute to it

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24
Q

Prokaryote capsules treatment controls

A

Vaccines

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25
Q

Do all Prokaryote bacteria have a cell membrane

A

Yes

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26
Q

Prokaryote cell membrane description

A

Phospholipid bilayer, encloses cells, protects environments, regulates movement

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27
Q

Prokaryote cell membrane function

A

Processes like cell respiration and maintaining homeostasis

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28
Q

Are bacteria Prokaryote cell membrane pathogenic

A

No

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29
Q

Prokaryote cell membrane treatment controls

A

The treatment controls targets the cell membrane focusing on disrupting it structure which can lead to cell death

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30
Q

Are Prokaryotic ribosomes found in all bacteria

A

Yes

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31
Q

Prokaryotic ribosomes description

A

Made of rna and proteins. Has 70s proteins, 50 large sub unit and 30s small sub unit

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32
Q

Prokaryotic ribosomes function

A

Protein synthesis

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33
Q

Are Prokaryotic ribosomes pathogenic

A

No

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34
Q

Prokaryotic ribosomes treatment controls

A

Antibiotics that prevent protein synthesis

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35
Q

Prokaryotic Genetic material/ nucleoid found in all bacteria ?

A

Yes

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36
Q

Prokaryotic Prokaryotic genetic material/nucleoid description

A

Single, circular, double stranded dna molecule located in the cytoplasm

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37
Q

Prokaryotic genetic material/nucleoid functions

A

Carries genetic info required for reproduction and cell functions

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38
Q

Are Prokaryotic Prokaryotic genetic material/nucleoid pathogenic

A

No but mutations can enhance this

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39
Q

Prokaryotic genetic material/nucleoid treatment controls

A

Antibiotics aim to destroy things like dna replication

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40
Q

Are plasmids found in all bacteria

A

No but common

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41
Q

Plasmids description

A

Small circular double stranded dna molecules that are separate from chromosomal dna

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42
Q

Plasmids function

A

Carry genes that are advantageous for survival like antibiotic resistance

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43
Q

Are plasmids pathogenic

A

No but can carry virulence factors

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44
Q

Plasmids treatment controls

A

Some antibiotics like quinolones

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45
Q

Are pili found in all bacteria

A

No but in some gram neg

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46
Q

Pili description

A

Hair like appendages made of pili protein

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47
Q

Pili function

A

Involved in dna transfer between bacteria and contributes to surface attachment

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48
Q

Are pili pathogenic

A

No but Can be by transferring antibiotic resistance

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49
Q

Pili treatment controls

A

N/a

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50
Q

Are fimbriae found in all bacteria

A

No but present in many motile bacteria

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51
Q

fimbriae description

A

Finger/hair like projections that coat the exterior of gram neg and pos bacteria, also allow bacteria to colonize surfaces

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52
Q

fimbriae function

A

Motility allowing bacteria to move toward favorable environments

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53
Q

fimbriae treatment controls

A

N/a

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54
Q

Are axial filaments found in all bacteria

A

No

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55
Q

axial filaments description

A

Internal flagella located between cell membrane and outer member

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56
Q

axial filaments function

A

Allows for corkscrew like motion through viscous environments

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57
Q

axial filaments pathogenic ?

A

No, contributed to invasive ability of spirochetes

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58
Q

Endospore found in all bacteria ?

A

No

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59
Q

Endospore description

A

High résistent dormant structures composed of thick spore coat

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60
Q

Endospore function

A

Protects bacterial genome in unfavorable environments

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61
Q

Endospore pathogenic ?

A

No but are produced by pathogenic bacteria making infections difficult to treat

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62
Q

Endospore treatment control

A

Antibiotics that target vegetative bacteria forms

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63
Q

Prokaryote inclusions found in all bacteria ?

A

No

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64
Q

inclusions description

A

Store nutrients, energy, and other materials for bacteria

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65
Q

inclusions function

A

Serve as nutrient reserves during scarcity

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66
Q

Inclusion treatment controls?

A

No but depriving bacteria of nutrients can reduce survival

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67
Q

Cell wall found in which organisms ?

A
  1. Plants
  2. Fungi
  3. Some protist
    4.
68
Q

Cell wall description

A

Plants (cellulose) fungi (chitin)
Algae/protist (calcium carbonate, agar)

69
Q

Cell wall function

A

Provides structural support, protection and shape to the cell

70
Q

Cell membrane found in which organisms

A

Plants, Animals, Fungi,
Protist

71
Q

Plasma membrane description

A

Selective permeability, double phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins

72
Q

Cell membrane function

A

Regulates the movement of –substances in and out of the cell

73
Q

Nucleus found in which organisms

A

Eukaryotic (plants, fungi, animals, protist )

74
Q

Nucleus description

A

Membrane bound organelle containing dna

75
Q

Nucleus function

A

Houses genetic material

76
Q

Nuclear material (dna) found in which organisms

A

Eukaryotic

77
Q

Nucleus description

A

Membrane bound organelle containing dna

78
Q

Nucleus function

A

Houses genetic material

79
Q

Cytoplasm found in which organisms

A

Eukaryotic / prokaryotic

80
Q

Cytoplasm description

A

Gel like substance surrounding organelles and filling the cell

81
Q

Cytoplasm function

A

Supports and suspends organelles as well as aiding in chemical reactions

82
Q

Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum found in which organisms

A

Eukaryotic organisms

83
Q

Rough ER description

A

Network of membranes with ribosomes
attached to its surface

84
Q

Rough ER function

A

Synthesizes and processes proteins that are sent to the golgi apparatus

85
Q

Smooth er found in which organisms

A

Eukaryotic

86
Q

Smooth er description

A

Network of membranes without ribosomes also synthesizes lipids

87
Q

Smooth er function

A

Synthesizes lipids and detoxifies drugs and poisons

88
Q

Mitochondria found in which organisms

A

Eukaryotic organisms

89
Q

Mitochondria description

A

Double membrane bound organelle with its own dna; inner membrane folds (cristae) increase surface area for energy production

90
Q

Mitochondria

A

Produces atp through cellular respiration

91
Q

Golgi body found where

A

Eukaryotic organisms

92
Q

Golgi body description

A

Flat stacked pouches called cisternae

93
Q

Golgi body function

A

Packages, modifies, and sorts proteins and lipids for storage or transport outside the cell

94
Q

Lysosomes found where

A

Primarily in animals

95
Q

Lysosomes description

A

Membrane bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes

96
Q

Lysosomes function

A

Breaking down waste

97
Q

Vacuoles found where

A

Mainly plants

98
Q

Vacuoles description

A

Membrane bound sacs filles with water, enzymes, ions, and nutrients

99
Q

Vacuoles function

A

In plants vacuoles maintain water pressure, in animals they are used for storage and transport

100
Q

Chloroplast are found where

A

Plants and some protist

101
Q

Chloroplast description

A

Double membrane bound organelle that has its own dna and contains chlorophyll

102
Q

Chloroplast function

A

Conducts photosynthesis

103
Q

Nucleolus found where

A

Eukaryotic organisms

104
Q

Nucleolus description

A

Dense region inside nucleus, composed of ona and proteins

105
Q

Nucleolus function

A

Synthesizes rna and assembles ribosome subunits

106
Q

Flagella found where

A

Plants, animals, fungi, protist

107
Q

Flagella description

A

Whip like projections made of microtubules

108
Q

Flagella function

A

Propell through aquatic environments

109
Q

Cilia found where

A

Few plants, animals, fungi, protist

110
Q

Cilia description

A

hair like projections made of microtubules

111
Q

Cilia function

A

Move fluid across cell surface.

112
Q

Cilia function

A

Move fluid across cell surface.

113
Q

Cytoskeleton found where

A

Eukaryotic organisms

114
Q

Cytoskeleton description

A

Network of micro
filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

115
Q

Cytoskeleton function

A

Maintains and provides cell structure/shape

116
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms

117
Q

Germ theory disease

A

the principle that microorganisms cause disease

118
Q

Germ theory disease

A

the principle that microorganisms cause disease

119
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane

120
Q

osmosis

A

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane *high to low concentration. Process continues until equilibrium is reached

121
Q

Isotonic medium

A

The solute concentrations inside and outside the cell are approximately equal, so there is no net movement of water across the cell membrane

122
Q

Hypertonic medium

A

the solute concentration outside the cell exceeds that inside the cell, so water diffuses out of the cell and into the external medium

123
Q

Hypotonic medium

A

The solute concentration inside the cell exceeds that outside of the cell, so water will move by osmosis into the cell. This causes the cell to swell and potentially lyse, or burst

124
Q

Crenation

A

This happens when a cell shrinks and shrivels; can result in cell death if severe.

125
Q

Plasmolysis

A

Collapse of a walled cell’s cytoplasm due to a lack of water

126
Q

nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs)

A

a set of DNA-binding proteins found in bacteria that facilitate chromosome compaction and organization

127
Q

What are inclusions

A

Chemical substances such as stored nutrients or cell products

128
Q

The type of inclusion containing polymerized inorganic phosphate is called______________.

A

Volutin granules

129
Q

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)

A

an inclusion that displays a phospholipid monolayer embedded with protein surrounding inclusions

130
Q

magnetosomes

A

inclusions of iron oxide surrounded by invaginations of the plasma membrane

131
Q

carboxysome inclusion

A

composed of outer shells of thousands of protein subunits

132
Q

germination

A

Early growth stage of a plant embryo

133
Q

sporulation

A

formation of endospores

134
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane

135
Q

peptidoglycan

A

A protein-carbohydrate compound that makes the cell walls of bacteria rigid

136
Q

Periplasmic space

A

The space between the inner and outer cell membranes in Gram-negative bactera. The peptidoglycan cell wall is found in the periplasmic space, and this space sometimes contains enzymes to degrade antibiotics.

137
Q

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A

Molecule that makes up the outer layer of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria

138
Q

glycocalyx

A

The external surface of a plasma membrane that is important for cell-to-cell communication

139
Q

Capsule

A

A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria, protecting the cell surface and preventing phagocytosis

140
Q

slime layer

A

As more loosely attached, less organized layer that aids in adhesion to surfaces and in the formation of biofilms

141
Q

s-layer

A

an outermost cell surface layer composed of protein or glycoprotein present on some Bacteria and Archaea

142
Q

Pili

A

Appendages that allow bacteria to attach to each other and to transfer DNA

143
Q

F pilus (sex pilus)

A

a protein appendage required for DNA transfer in the process of conjugation

144
Q

monotrichous

A

Single flagellum

145
Q

amphitrichous

A

Flagella on both sides of bacterium

146
Q

lophotrichous

A

cluster of flagella at one or both ends

147
Q

peritrichous

A

flagella distributed over the entire cell

148
Q

Photo taxis

A

movement in response to light

149
Q

Photo taxis

A

movement in response to light

150
Q

Magnetotaxis

A

movement toward or away from the Earth’s magnetic field

151
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Cell movement that occurs in response to chemical stimulus

152
Q

cisternae

A

Flattened, membrane-bound compartments that make up the Golgi apparatus.

153
Q

Transport vesicles

A

A tiny membranous sphere in a cell’s cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell.

154
Q

pseudopodia

A

cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding.

155
Q

Centrosomes

A

Microtubule-organizing centers that help to form and organize the mitotic spindle during mitosis

156
Q

Centrioles

A

Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only

157
Q

Stroma

A

fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids

158
Q

thylakoid

A

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.

159
Q

Endocytosis

A

When the cell membrane engulfs outside material

160
Q

Phagocytosis

A

A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells

161
Q

pinocytosis

A

A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.

162
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Receptors bind specific ligand within coated pits to form endosomes

163
Q

Exocytosis

A

process of exporting proteins from a cell by a vesicle fusing with the cell membrane

164
Q

Extra cellular matrix

A

the space between adjacent cells

165
Q

basal body

A

organelle that develops from a centriole

166
Q

basal body

A

organelle that develops from a centriole

Class 215 (6 decks)

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