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Neurobiology and Head Structures > L9 - Swallowing > Flashcards

L9 - Swallowing Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 tissue types is the tongue composed of?

A

1) Intrinsic Skeletal Muscle

2) Adipose Tissue

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2
Q

How is skeletal muscle arranged in the tongue?

A

Organized into bundles of fibres

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3
Q

What lines the adipose tissue on tongues?

A

Epithelium and Taste Buds

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4
Q

Which muscles are responsible for moving the tongue?

A

Extrinsic muscles

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5
Q

Which muscles anchor the tongue to the hyoid bones?

A

Extrinsic Muscles

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6
Q

What is the term used to describe movement of the tongue forward? “Push forward”

A

Protraction

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7
Q

What is the term used to describe movement of the tongue backwards?

A

Retraction

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8
Q

Which cranial nerve innervates the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)

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9
Q

What type of innervation comes from the Hypoglossal Nerve?

A

Motor

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10
Q

What are Brachyodont teeth?

A

Short-crowned teeth

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11
Q

What are hypsodont teeth?

A

Long-crowned teeth

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12
Q

What are the three tissues that comprise the tooth in all species?

A

Enamel
Dentine
Cement

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13
Q

What is the hardest substance in the body?

A

Enamel

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14
Q

Which species are brachyodont teeth common?

A

Carnivores

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15
Q

Which species are hypsodont teeth common?

A

Horses

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16
Q

What is the name of the structure that anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth?

A

Lingual Frenulum

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17
Q

What is the difference between intrinsic muscles of the tongue and extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Intrinsic muscle of the tongue are the ones within the tongue itself

Extrinsic muscles of the tongue are muscles that originate from another location and terminate on the tongue.

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18
Q

What effect will be had on the tongue if the hypoglossal nerve is damaged?

A

Will be unable to move the tongue because it has motor supply.

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19
Q

What anchors the tooth?

A

Root

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20
Q

What is the visible portion of the tooth called?

A

Crown

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21
Q

What is premolar 1 in horses?

A

Wolf Tooth

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22
Q

Why does the area within the gum line where the root is present get smaller in size with age in horses?

A

The teeth in horses are used for grinding. Overtime, the surface gets ground down, the root pushes out to maintain size of the tooth.

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23
Q

What 3 structures does the hypoid apparatus articulate with?

A

1) Skull
2) Tongue
3) Larynx

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24
Q

How does the hyoid apparatus facilitate swallowing?

A

Gets jerked rostrally during swallowing.

25
Q

List the muscles associated with the hyoid apparatus.

A 
Styloglossus 
Genioglossus 
Geniohyoid 
Hyoglossus 
Sternohyoid
26
Q

Which muscle runs from the front of the mandible and articulates with the basihyoid bone in the hyoid apparatus?

A

Geniohyoid

27
Q

Which muscle associated with the hyoid apparatus contracts to move the apparatus rostrally and causes swallowing?

A

Geniohyoid Muscle

28
Q

Which muscle associated with the hyoid apparatus contracts to move the hyoid apparatus back into position after swallowing?

A

Sternohyoid

29
Q

Which part of the hyoid apparatus does the styloglossus muscle articulate with?

A

Stylohyoid Bone

30
Q

What is another term for swallowing?

A

Deglutition

31
Q

Which pharyngeal muscle is the only one that dilates the pharynx?

A

Stylopharyngeus

32
Q

How does a bolus of food get moved caudally into the oropharynx during the first step of swallowing?

A

The tongue squeezes the bolus caudally by applying pressure against the hard palate.

33
Q

How does the tongue and soft palate move in the second step of swallowing?

A

The tongue moves caudally, causing the bolus to be pushed towards the esophagus. The soft palate moves dorsally to open the up the glottic cleft.

34
Q

What is the difference between the larynx and pharynx?

A

The larynx is the upper part of the trachea.

The pharynx extends from the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx. (Both food and air pass through here)

35
Q

What is the glottis?

A

The opening between the vocal folds of the larynx.

36
Q

What happens in the last step of swallowing?

A

The laryngopharynx squeezes the bolus towards the esophageal sphincter and the soft palate returns to its position ventrally.

37
Q

List the cranial nerves that are associated with swallowing.

A 
Trigeminal (V) 
Facial (VII) 
Hypoglossal (XII) 
Glossopharyngeal (IX) 
Vagus (X)
38
Q

What structures involved in swallowing are innervated by cranial nerve XII (Hypoglossal)?

A

Tongue
Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue
Geniohyoid Muscle

39
Q

Which structures involved in swallowing are innervated by cranial nerve X (Vagus)?

A

Pharynx
Larynx
Glottis (closure of glottis)
Soft Palate Muscles

40
Q

Which two cranial nerves that are associated with swallowing form a plexus?

A

IX and X (Glossopharyngeal and Vagus)

41
Q

Which two cranial nerves are involved in the closure of the lips and sensation?

A

V and VII (Trigeminal and Facial)

42
Q

Problems with which cranial nerves can cause issues in swallowing?

A

IX and X

43
Q

What are the major differences in the facial anatomy of brachycephalic dog breeds?

A

Shortened Nasal Bone
Narrow Nostrils
Long and thickened soft palate

44
Q

What is the clinical implication of the long and thickened soft palate in brachycephalic breeds?

A

Narrows the airway

Causes a constant need for increased respiration

45
Q

What are the three regions that make up the ear?

A

1) External Ear
2) Middle Ear
3) Inner Ear

46
Q

What is another word for the structure that composes the middle ear?

A

Tympanic bulla

47
Q

What is the function of the external ear?

A

To receive sound waves

48
Q

What is the auricle/pinna?

A

The flared portion of the external ear that is covered by skin and supported by cartilage.

49
Q

Which three bones are contained within the middle ear (tympanic bulla) in order from out to in?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

50
Q

What is the function of the bones of the middle ear?

A

To transmit vibrations of the tympanic membrane to the oval window of the inner ear.

51
Q

What is the tympanic membrane?

A

Ear Drum

52
Q

What is the inner ear composed of?

A

Semi-circular ducts and Cochlea

53
Q

Which portion of the ear is a common location of bacterial and yeast infections?

A

The middle ear.

54
Q

Which salivary gland is present ventral to the ear?

A

Parotid salivary gland.

55
Q

What is the name for the cartilage that is located rostromedially to the base of the auricle (pinna) on the surface of the temporal muscle?

A

Scutiform Cartilage

56
Q

What is the function of the inner ear?

A

Converts sound to nerve impulse and maintains body balance.

57
Q

Which structure in the inner ear detects sound?

A

Cochlear Ducts

58
Q

What is the air filled cavity in the middle ear that can cause head-tilt, involuntary eye movement and vertigo when inflamed?

A

Tympanic cavity

59
Q

What is a another term that can be used to refer to the bones of the middle ear (malleus, incus, stapes)?

A

Ossicles

Neurobiology and Head Structures (7 decks)

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