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Neurobiology and Head Structures > L7 - Gross Anatomy of the Head and Neck > Flashcards

L7 - Gross Anatomy of the Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What comprises the superficial structures of the head?

A

1) Skin + Glands

2) Muscles of Facial Expression

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of glands that are associated with the superficial structures of the head?

A

Salivary
Sweat
Lacrimal

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3
Q

What do the muscles of facial expression do?

A

Move the lips, nostrils, eyelids and ears

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4
Q

Which cranial nerve provides the motor supply to the muscles of facial expression?

A

Cranial Nerve VII (Facial Nerve)

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5
Q

Which cranial nerve provides the sensory supply to the superficial structures of the head?

A

Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal)

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6
Q

What is a pro and con of the head being very vascularized?

A

Con - Lots of bleeding can occur with injury

Pro - Rapid healing due to good blood supply

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7
Q

What is fascia?

A

Loose connective tissue

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8
Q

Why is there extensive venous drainage systems present in the head and neck?

A

The head/face is highly vascularized so there needs to be an extensive venous drainage to return the blood back to the heart.

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9
Q

What is the name of the vein that drains the tongue?

A

Lingual Vein

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10
Q

What is the name of the vein in the neck that is formed by the connection of two vessels and drains the blood from the entire head?

A

External Jugular Vein

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11
Q

Why is the facial nerve easily damaged?

A

Lies very close to the skin

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12
Q

What is the name of the large jaw closing muscle?

A

Masseter

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13
Q

Which two vessels in the head form the jugular vein?

A

1) Maxillary Vein

2) Linguofacial Vein

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14
Q

Which two salivary glands are seen on the lateral aspect of the face?

A

Mandibular Salivary Gland

Parotid Salivary Gland

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15
Q

What are the superficial structures of the lateral aspect of the face (List).

A 
Muscles of Facial Expression 
Parotid and Mandibular Salivary Glands 
Mandibular Lymph Nodes 
External Jugular Vein + its branches 
Masseter Muscle 
Facial Nerve (VII) 
Trigeminal Nerve (V) - some branches
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16
Q

What is the difference in the salivary glands of herbivores vs. carnivores?

A

Herbivores have larger salivary glands and more salivary production - aids in digestion of fibrous food (hay)

Carnivores have smaller and compact salivary glands.

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17
Q

What is unique about the appearance of the parotid and mandibular glands in a horse compared to a dog?

A

They are hard to distinguish in a horse (appear as one large gland).

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18
Q

Which salivary gland is located closer to the ear?

A

Parotid gland

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19
Q

Which structures of the immune system are palpable during examination and are present in the head?

A

Mandibular lymph nodes

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20
Q

Where does the mandibular salivary gland lie?

A

Lies between the maxillary and linguofacial veins.

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21
Q

Which vessels in the head/neck are considered surgical landmarks?

A

Maxillary and linguofacial veins

22
Q

What are the three principal branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

1) Opthalmic
2) Maxillary
3) Mandibular

23
Q

Which branches of the trigeminal nerve are exclusively sensory?

A

1) Opthalmic

2) Maxillary

24
Q

Which branch of the trigeminal nerve is both sensory and motor?

A

Mandibular

25
Q

Which muscles are considered the jaw closing muscles?

A

Masseter
Temporalis
Digastricus
Pterygoid

26
Q

Which branch of the trigeminal nerve supplies the jaw closing muscles?

A

Motor component of the mandibular branch

27
Q

From where does the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve enter the mandible?

A

Medial side of the Ramus

Runs within the bone

28
Q

T/F - The branches of the trigeminal nerve (V) will be seen easily upon initial dissection of the head?

A

False - located deep in the position and are hidden away behind the jaw closing muscles

29
Q

What are the branches of the facial nerve (VII)?

A

1) Auriculopalpebral
2) Dorsal Buccal
3) Ventral Buccal

30
Q

Which branches of the facial nerve supply motor fibres to the facial muscles?

A

Dorsal Buccal

Ventral Buccal

31
Q

What is the stylomastoid foramen?

A

Small opening in skull where the Facial nerve exits

32
Q

Which cranial nerve curves around the ear canal?

A

Facial Nerve (VII)

33
Q

What does the lacrimal gland do?

A

Produces tears

34
Q

Fibres from which branch of the ANS innervate the salivary glands?

A

Parasympathetic fibres

35
Q

What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?

A

Atlas

36
Q

What is the name of the second cervical vertebra?

A

Axis

37
Q

What makes the atlas unique?

A

Long wings projecting laterally

38
Q

What makes the axis unique?

A

Extended spinous process

39
Q

What is the standard number of cervical vertebrae in domestic mammals?

A

7

40
Q

What is the name of the joint at which the atlas articulates with the skull?

A

Atlanto-occipital joint

41
Q

What is the significance of the atlanto-occipital joint in small animals?

A

Area where CSF can be collected for diagnostics.

42
Q

What type of movement does the atlanto-occipital joint allow?

A

Up-down movement of the head (nodding)

43
Q

Which joint allows the side-to-side movement of the head?

A

Atlanto-axial joint (between the atlas and axis)

44
Q

Why is it difficult to feel the spinous processes of the vertebrae in the neck in most animals?

A

The neck contains epaxial muscles that are well developed.

- lie dorsal to the transverse processes of vertebrae

45
Q

What is the function of the nuchal ligament?

A

Support structure that minimizes the energy required to lift head from the ground
- reduces muscle contraction

46
Q

Which species lack a nuchal ligament?

A

Pigs

Cats

47
Q

What is the nuchal ligament composed of?

A

connective tissue fibres

48
Q

In dogs, where does the nuchal ligament run?

A

From the axis to the thoracic vertebrae.

49
Q

In horses, where does the nuchal ligament run?

A

From the skull to the withers region (dorsal)

50
Q

What is present between the vertebral spines and nuchal ligament in a horse?

A

Synovial bursa

Neurobiology and Head Structures (7 decks)

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