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Neurobiology and Head Structures > L6 - Spinal Development and Spinal Reflexes > Flashcards

L6 - Spinal Development and Spinal Reflexes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three membranous structures that protect the spinal cord?

A

Dura Mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater

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2
Q

Between which two membranes of the spinal cord is the CSF present?

A

Arachnoid and Pia Mater

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3
Q

What is the CSF?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

  • waterbed/cushion for the spinal cord
  • filtration system for spinal cord?
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4
Q

What two histological regions is the spinal cord divided into?

A

Grey Matter

White Matter

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5
Q

What is grey matter of the spinal cord?

A

Butterfly shaped inner region that is divided into a dorsal horn and ventral horn.

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6
Q

What is histologically found in the dorsal horn of the grey matter?

A

Sensory pseudounipolar neuron cell bodies
Interneuron axons
Neuroglial cells

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7
Q

What is histologically found in the ventral horn of the grey matter?

A

Multipolar motor neuron cell bodies

Neuroglial cells

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8
Q

How is the spinal cord divided?

A

Divided based on the 4 anatomical regions of the vertebrae.

  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Lumbar
  • Coccygeal
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9
Q

Which part of the spinal cord develops first?

A

Caudal (Coccygeal)

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10
Q

What is then name for the process that follows gastrulation and initiates formation of the entire nervous system?

A

Neuralation

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11
Q

What is the name for the stage of zygote development where the three germ layers begin to form?

A

Gastrula

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12
Q

What is the process by which germ layers develop in a zygote?

A

Gastrulation

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13
Q

Which germ layer forms the neural plate in the initial parts of neuralation?

A

Ectodermal layer - differentiates into neuroectoderm

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14
Q

What is the name for the cells that are on the edge of the neural plate?

A

Neural Plate border

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15
Q

What is the immediate structure that forms from the invagination of the neural plate?

A

Neural fold

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16
Q

How does the neural fold become a neural tube?

A

fusion of neural fold and detachment from ectoderm

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17
Q

What is the name for a rod-like structure made of cartilaginous material that is located below the neural tube during development?

A

Notochord

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18
Q

What are three functions of the function of notochord?

A

1) Signalling (Growth Factors)
2) Structural support to vertebrae development
- becomes nucleus pulposus in vertebrae (intervertebral discs)
3) Anchoring site for muscles of the vertebrae

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19
Q

What structures in neurulation give rise to spinal nerves?

A

Neural Crest cells

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20
Q

What structures do the cells in the neural tube further differentiate into?

A

Floor plate
Roof plate
Ventral and Dorsal Roots (Motor and sensory neurons + interneurons)

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21
Q

What happens to the central cavity of the neural tube as development progresses and spinal cord forms?

A

Narrows down and forms spinal canal

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22
Q

What flows through the spinal canal?

A

CSF

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23
Q

What is another name for the spinal canal?

A

Temporal canal

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24
Q

What is the name for the line that separates the spinal cord into left and right?

A

Dorsal Median Septum

25
Q

What structure forms the dorsal horn of the grey matter?

A

Alar Plate

26
Q

What structure form the ventral horn of the grey matter?

A

Basal Plate

27
Q

What is the dorsal root ganglion?

A

Aggregation of sensory nerve cell bodies outside of the spinal cord coming from the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

28
Q

Which nerves are considered sensory?

A

Afferent

29
Q

Which nerves are considered motor?

A

Efferent

30
Q

What are the 5 regions of the brain during development?

A 
Myelencephalon 
Metencephalon
Mesencephalon 
Diencephalon
Telencephalon
31
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

Zones of skin that is supplied by nerves from a single spinal root.

32
Q

How are the dermatomes divided?

A

Similar fashion as the vertebral divisions.

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, coccygeal (sacral)

33
Q

Define a reflex.

A

Involuntary qualitatively unvarying response of the nervous system to a stimuli

34
Q

List the 5 components of a neuronal reflex arc.

A

1) Receptor
2) Sensory Nerve
3) Synapse(s) in the CNS
4) Motor Nerve
5) Target Organ

35
Q

What three things does analysis of a reflex arc allow us to understand?

A

1) Physiology of posture
2) Physiology of locomotion
3) Clinical assessment of nervous system physiology

36
Q

How many different ways are there to classify neural reflexes?

A

4

37
Q

What are the different ways to classify neural reflexes?

A

1) By the division of the Nervous system which controls the response (ex. autonomic or somatic)
2) By the CNS location (Spinal, Cranial)
3) Innate or Learned (natural or can be trained)
4) Number of neurons that are in the reflex pathway (Monosynaptic or polysynaptic)

38
Q

Give an example of a monosynaptic reflex.

A

Patellar Tendon Reflex (Knee Jerk Reflex)

39
Q

Explain the Patellar Tendon Reflex.

A

Tapping the patellar/triceps tendon lengthens the stretch receptor that is associated with the extensor muscle in the thigh

  • sensed and sent through a monosynaptic reflex arc
  • motor response given that causes:
  • > contraction of the muscle
  • > relaxation in the opposing flexor muscle
  • > sensory afferent delivery to the brain
40
Q

Give an example of a polysynaptic reflex.

A

Pain/Withdrawal Reflex

41
Q

What is the difference between monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes?

A

Monosynaptic: reflex arc consists of only one motor and one sensory neuron - presence of a single chemical synapse.

Polysynaptic: One or more interneurons connect sensory and motor signals - multiple chemical synapses present.

42
Q

Explain the pain/withdrawal reflex.

A

Foot stepped on pin

  • pain sensed by sensory afferents and sent to dorsal horn of spinal cord via action potentials
  • interneurons in spinal cord activate flexor muscles on pained side of body and extensor muscles on opposite side of body
  • muscles move the foot away from the painful stimulus
43
Q

How is the pain reflex used clinically?

A

Used to test the response of anesthesia to judge what plane of anesthesia the animal has gone into.

44
Q

What is a segmental reflex?

A

End of affrent neuron and beginning of efferent neuron are in the same segment of the spinal cord.

45
Q

Give an example of a segmental reflex.

A

Knee Jerk Reflex (Patellar Tendon Reflex)

46
Q

What is an intersegmental reflex?

A

End of afferent and beginning of efferent neuron are both in the spinal cord but in different segments.

47
Q

Give an example of an intersegmental reflex.

A

Vestibulospinal Reflex

48
Q

What are long loop reflexes?

A

Type of intersegmental, polysynaptic reflexes that have the centre of the reflex arc in the cerebral cortex.

49
Q

Which type of reflex is used for proprioceptive positioning?

A

Long loop reflex

  • continuously active in erect posture
  • brings continuous correction of sways that occur from moment to moment during standing
50
Q

What is the name of a reflex that can be used to assess damage to the spinal cord?

A

Cutaneous Trunci Reflex

51
Q

Explain the cutaneous trunci reflex.

A

Can pinch the skin to see if there is any issues with the spinal cord in region C8-T1
- pinch will send impulse cranially up the spinal cord through that region and an efferent (motor) signal will be sent to the lateral thoracic nerve.
The lateral thoracic nerve causes muscle contractions in the abdomen area.

  • seeing the contractions = working
  • no contractions = pathology
52
Q

What are the master regulators of skeletal muscle function?

A

Muscle Spindles (Stretch receptors)

53
Q

What is the basis of how muscle spindles regulate motor function?

A

Sensory nerves innervating the muscle spindles will sense stretch of muscle fibres and send signal to contract muscles.
- muscle spindles contract and shorten

ex. due to weight change (if you are holding something heavy and add more weight - increased stretch)

54
Q

What is an isotonic change in muscle?

A

The tone/rigidity of the muscle stays the same but the length of the muscle changes

55
Q

What is an isometric change in muscle?

A

The length stays the same but the tone/rigidity changes.

56
Q

Define locomotion.

A

Combination of extension and flexion across a moveable joint with various phases of swing and stance.

57
Q

What is stance in regards to locomotion?

A

Where extremities are in contact with the surface.

58
Q

What is swing in regards to locomotion?

A

When extremities begin to detach from the surface.

59
Q

What is an electromyogram?

A

Device used to assess the quality of muscle locomotion by recording electrical activity changes during the swing and stance phases.

Neurobiology and Head Structures (7 decks)

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