L16 - Brain Development Flashcards
What are the three regions that the rostral end of the neural tube develops into?
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
What is another name for the forebrain that develops directly from the neural tube?
Prosencephalon
What is another name for the midbrain that develops directly from the neural tube?
Mesencephalon
What is another name for the hindbrain that develops directly from the neural tube?
Rhombencephalon
Which of the three regions of the developing brain do not divide any further?
Mesencephalon (Midbrain)
As the brain begins to develop in the embryo, what happens to the yolk sac?
Shrinks
Which two structures classify the neuroectoderm?
Neural crest cells
Neural Tube
How are flexures formed?
The folding that occurs with the expansion of the rostral end of the neural tube into the brain creates flexures.
What are the three flexures?
Cephalic
Cervical
Pontine
List the three important factors in determining the organisation of the brain regions.
Hox Genes
Fgf8
Retinoic Acid
What two regions does the forebrain further divide into?
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
What structure develops into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord?
Alar Plate
What structure develops into the ventral horn of the spinal cord?
Basal Plate
What is the most caudal part of the brain?
Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)
What two regions does the rhombencephalon further get divided into?
Myelencephalon
Metencephalon
Which part of the hindbrain forms the medulla oblongata?
Myelencephalon
Which part of the hindbrain forms the cerebellum and pons?
Metencephalon
Which portion of the brain are most of the cranial nerves associated?
Hindbrain
How are cranial nerves associated with the hindbrain?
Concentrations of nerve cell bodies (Nuclei).
Which ventricle of the brain is located under the cerebellum?
4th
What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
Coordination of movement
- proprioception
- balance
- unconscious input
What are ventricles?
Sites for CSF production
What is the term for the region where blood capillaries are present and protrude into the 4th ventricle for CSF production?
Choroid Plexus
Which layers can the cerebellum be sectioned into?
Cortex
Grey Matter
White Matter
How is the cortex of the cerebellum further divided?
Molecular Layer
Purkinje Layer
Inner Grannular Layer
Which three regions characterize the mesencephalon?
Tectum
Ventral Tegmentum
Lumen (Mesencephalic Aqueduct)
Which part of the brain usually coordinate auditory and visual reflexes?
Mesencephalon
Which section of the forebrain forms the thalamus and hypothalamus?
Diencephalon
Which nerve grows out of the diencephalon?
Optic Nerve
Which ventricle is formed by the lumen of the diencephalon?
3rd
Which section of the forebrain gives rise to the paired cerebral hemispheres (Cerebral Cortex)?
Telencephalon
Which ventricles are formed by the large lumens of the paired cerebral hemispheres from the telencephalon?
Lateral Ventricles
What is the term for the dips in the brain? (Grooves)
Sulki (Sulcus)
What is the term for the raises in the brain? (Folds)
Gyri (Gyrus)
What structure can help identify the pons?
Ventral Bulge
What is the term for the structure where nerve fibres are located to convey info through the hemispheres of the brain?
Corpus Callosum
What is intrathalmic adhesion?
Joining the left and right thalamus.
What is cerebellar hypoplasia?
Underdeveloped cerebellum
- small size
What are the implications of cerebellar hypoplasia?
Poor voluntary control of movement
- Staggered movement
Which species are common to observe cerebellar hypoplasia?
Calves
Kittens
