Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sai_BiochemFinal > L9 Nucleic Acid Replication and Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

L9 Nucleic Acid Replication and Protein Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Genetics is the study of:

A

Gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

(T/F) All proteins have their sequence of amino acids determined by the code of DNA on the original gene

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The “genetic code” consists of:

A

AGCT (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

DNA is a double-stranded, helical nucleic acid with : (3)

A

Backbone of deoxyribose sugar and phosphate

Four nitrogenous bases (AGCT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

RNA is a single-strand nucleic acid that has 3 different forms. It consists of (3):

A

Backbone ribose sugar and phosphate

Four nitrogenous bases (AGCU)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The 3 common forms of RNA are:

A

rRNA (ribosomal)
mRNA (messenger)
tRNA (transfer) or ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nitrogenous bases are _ and _ structures

A

purines and pyrimidines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

____ are a nitrogenous base bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar

A

Nucleosides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Nucleotides are nucleosides bonded to one or more ____ groups

A

phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How are nucleotides bonded?

A

Bonded between a phosphate and sugar

Sugar-phosphate backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do nitrogenous bases form their specific couples?

A

Hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The code for a protein’s ____ ____ sequence is stored in DNA

A

amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The cell uses _____ to move the coded sequence away from DNA, keeping DNA’s involvement to a minimum, thus ______ the genes

A

mRNA; conserving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

mRNA is decoded in the _______ at ______, where proteins are ______ from the mRNA code

A

cytoplasm; ribosomes;translated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

DNA gets unzipped by _______ enzyme which also “reads” DNA code, and then _____ a mRNA strand from the revealed code

A

replicase; transcribes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

_______ is the “writing” of the DNA genetic code into mRNA (nucleic acid to nucleic acid) by ___ ___ ___

A

Transcription; RNA polymerase enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

DNA packed into a cell’s nucleus is called:

A

Chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The DNA double helix wraps around a bundle of ____ ____, which then wraps into a ball-like structure called a _____

A

histone proteins; nucleosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The nucleosome forms the next level of structure by condensing into another helical structure called ____ _____

A

condensed fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The spiral thread of the condensed fiber forms a larger level of structure as it bundles itself into:

A

chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

List the structures of chromatin from smallest to largest:

A

histone proteins-> nucleosome-> condensed fiber -> chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Active chromatin that gets transcribed regularly and is less compacted is called:

A

Euchromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Genetic code is that is conserved, almost never accessed for transcription and is densely packed:

A

Heterochromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the chief protein component of chromatin?

A

Histones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

(T/F) Histones play a large role in gene regulation; Without them, DNA in chromosomes would be very long

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

RNA transcription of protein code from DNA is much simpler than DNA replication, using only __ ___

A

RNA polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

In transcription, these molecules find the site of code on the DNA that is to be transcribed, unzips the DNA, replicates the DNA using RNA nucleotides, and rezips the DNA

A

RNA polymerases

28
Q

The RNA produced from transcription will be processed by ___ ____ and ____ into either mRNA, tRNA or rRNA

A

splicing enzymes and ribozymes

29
Q

RNA polymerase is responsible for ____ DNA code into RNA, allowing protein codes to get to the ____ for ____ manufacture

A

transcribing; cytoplasm; protein

30
Q

Where is mRNA spliced and processed?

A

nucleus

31
Q

Once mRNA is made, it is transported out of the nucleus through ___ ___ and is moved to the ___ throughout the cell where that particular protein coded on the mRNA is needed

A

nuclear pores; ribosomes

32
Q

(T/F) mRNA can be used multiple times in the ribosome

A

True

33
Q

(T/F) DNA is only replicated when a cell divides

A

True

34
Q

How many clusters of enzymes are used to duplicate DNA for cell division?

A

2

35
Q

Step 1 in DNA Replication:

_______ enzyme untwists the secondary helix structure

A

Topoisomerase

36
Q

Step 2 in DNA Replication:
A ____ untwists the primary helix structure by relieving the _____ bonding between bases. This separates the two strands. Binding proteins attach to the strands to keep them separated.

A

Helicase; hydrogen

37
Q

Step 3 in DNA Replication:

___ ___ bonds free-floating nucleotides into the deoxyribose-sugar chain

A

DNA primase

38
Q

Step 4 in DNA Replication:

___ ___ connects together the bits of newly created nucleotide chain

A

DNA ligase

39
Q

Step 5 in DNA Replication:

___ ___ finished the bonding of nucleotides, and re-zips the strands as 2 ___ ___

A

DNA polymerase; Daughter strands

40
Q

Why do proteins need to continually be made and renewed?

A

To maintain tissue intregity

41
Q

Proteins are used for : 3

A
  1. Enzymes to catalyze biochemical processes
  2. Structure: muscle, glands, organs, etc
  3. Function: hormones and messengers, metabolism, etc
42
Q

Step 1 in Protein Synthesis:
Replication copies a protein code from DNA specific for the desired protein, writing the code in mRNA in a process known as:

A

Transcription

43
Q

Step 2 in Protein Synthesis:
The mRNA is moved out of the cell nucleus to the ____, and is translated into a polypeptide by a ribosome in the process called:

A

Translation

44
Q

Step 3 in Protein Synthesis:
The mRNA transcription information are “read” as _ nitrogenous bases at a time, called ____. These are unique for each of the 20 amino acids used to create proteins

A

3; codons

45
Q

Step 4 in Protein Synthesis:

The mRNA is brought into the ___, where it is translated by several _____ in a continuous chain of manufacture

A

cytoplasm; ribosomes

Ribosomes help “read” the codons

46
Q

Step 5 in Protein Synthesis:

___ loaded with amino acids enter the active site in a ribosome and match their anticodon to the codon on _____.

A

tRNAS; mRNA

The line up of tRNA’s amino acids are bonded into a protein chain, still in the active site of the ribosome

47
Q

Step 6 in Protein Synthesis:
The new polypeptide is trimmed, modified and folded in the ______ or in an _____ to restructure it as a protein, and then protein is transported to its destination or out of the cell

A

Cytoplasm; organelle

48
Q

___ is constantly consumed to operate the enzyme cascades in protein synthesis

A

ATP

49
Q

(T/F) DNA code transcribes other information besides the actual protein sequence

A

True

50
Q

DNA code transcribes these 3 to tell the ribosome to begin to translate mRNA and when the protein code is over

A

Promotion codes
Starter codons
Termination codons

51
Q

Each codon is _ bases long, and codes for _ amino acid

A

3; 1

52
Q

This code designates where the 3-base codon chain begins

A

Starter codon

53
Q

Once the initial strand of mRNA is created in the nucleus, it is modified by enzymes to put caps on the ends of the ___ ___ and goes through internal splicing of exons and introns by ___

A

nucleic acid; ribozymes

54
Q

The exon codes are used to:

A

Make protein

55
Q

The intron codes are used to:

A

Create a mature mRNA by being spliced out of the mRNA; The mature mRNA is then sent to ribosomes for translation into protein

56
Q

___ carries a 3-base anti-codon

A

tRNA

57
Q

tRNA is specific to:

A

amino acid and codon

58
Q

An enzyme called __ __ __ recycles tRNA that have given up their amino acid by reloading these emptied tRNA into the ___ with their specific amino acid

A

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

59
Q

mRNA is produced in the ___, matured and transported into the cytoplasm, objective being to link with _____

A

nucleus, ribosomes

60
Q

Ribosomal 30 and 50 subunits are available on ___ or ___ _____

A

RER; float freely

61
Q

___ is sensed by 30s and 50s subunits; the subunits join to form a ribosome protein factory

A

mRNA

62
Q

The mRNA moves into the _ and _ active site of the ribosome

A

A and P

63
Q

___’s loaded with respective amino acids move in and match their anticodons to the codons of the ___

A

tRNA; mRNA

64
Q

____ _____ form between the amino acids from the _ site to the _ site by enzymatic action

A

Peptide bonds; A P

65
Q

mRNA shifts one set of ___ in the active site, allowing the next tRNA/ amino acid combination in, and the fusion of amino acids continues until stopped

A

codons

66
Q

List 3 reasons why translation would discontinue:

A
  1. Termination codon is found in the mRNA
  2. The emptied tRNA’s go out and pick up their amino acids, being recycled by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
  3. The polypeptide chain is pushed out into the cytoplasm where it is folded or modified into a protein, often in the Golgi complex
67
Q

The __ and __ are where vitamins and other cofactors are inserted into protein to create a ___ for use or a ___ for storage

A

Golgi and ER

Holoenzyme; Zymogen

Sai_BiochemFinal (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions