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Sai_BiochemFinal > L7 Nitrogen Structures > Flashcards

L7 Nitrogen Structures Flashcards

1
Q

Proteins and nucleic acids are distinguished by the ______ content in their building block molecules

A

Nitrogen

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2
Q

Small, specific amines, or subunit/ monomers that build proteins are called:

A

amino acids

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3
Q

Nitrogen-containing ring structures that chelate a metal ion in the center of the ring, specialized to hold the ion in place without bonding it

A

amino acids

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4
Q

Amino acids contain: (3)

A
  1. NH2 amino group
  2. Carboxyl group
  3. R- group (aliphatic or aromatic group)
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5
Q

A polypeptide becomes a protein when:

A

When it develops into its secondary and tertiary structure by folding

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6
Q

What joins two amino acids?

A

Amide or peptide bond

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7
Q

Amide/ peptide bond is formed by:

A

Dehydration synthesis

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8
Q

What is the most abundant molecule in the cytoplasm besides water?

A

Glutathione, an essential tripeptide and antioxidant molecule

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9
Q

What is glutathione composed of?

A

3 amino acids: glutamic acid, cysteine, glycine

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10
Q

What is the main function of glutathione in the cytoplasm?

A

Relieve oxidative stress from cellular processes and toxins

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11
Q

What is the active part in glutathione?

A

thiol (sulfhydryl) group - SH - is the active oxidant scavenger

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12
Q

How many amino acids are used in making proteins in humans

A

20

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13
Q

How many essential amino acids are there?

A

8

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14
Q

In animals, only the _-form enantiomer amino acids and only _- chiral amino acids are incorporated into proteins

A

L- form enantiomer

a-chiral amino acids

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15
Q

What are the 2 classifications of the 20 amino acids?

A
  1. Essential and non-essential

2. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic

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16
Q

What are the properties that give multiple, diverse possibilities for protein conformation? (4)

A
  1. Disulfide bridges
  2. Charged or uncharged molecules
  3. Hydrogen bonds
  4. Hydrophobic/ hydrophilic
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17
Q

Cysteine and methionine are _____-containing aminos that are important in protein folding and integrity by forming _____ ______

A

sulfur; disulfide bridges

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18
Q

Roles protein play in biological systems (7)

A
  1. Enzymes
  2. Structure (connective tissue, skin, collagen)
  3. Messengers/ hormones/ regulatory molecules (metabolism regulation- insulin and glucagon)
  4. Transport (hemoglobin, plasmalemma transport and channel proteins
  5. Movement- tendon, muscle (actin, myosin)
  6. Defense- immunoglobins, or B-cell mediated (humoral) immunity
  7. Nutrient storage- milk protein, albumin
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19
Q

A polypeptide produced by a ribosome that is a linear, unfolded chain of a.a. linked with peptide bonds

A

Primary structure

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20
Q

Polypeptide structure formed by hydrogen bonding between specific a.a.

A

Secondary structure

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21
Q

This structure folds the polypeptide even further, as disulfide bonds, charge attraction/ repulsions and hydrophobic/hydrophilic attractions are lined up. Most proteins are complete at this stage

A

Tertiary structure

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22
Q

Polypeptide structures created when 2 or more tertiary proteins form similar weak bonds between each other, creating massive, multi-protein molecules

A

Quaternary structure

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23
Q

Molecules that will be acted upon by the enzyme

A

Substrate

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24
Q

Splitting or joining molecules and flipping conformations occur in:

A

active sites

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25
Q

______ and ______ like ATP, vitamins, ions, and porphyrins are part of or introduced into the active site to facilitate reactivity

A

coenzymes and cofactors

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26
Q

What catabolizes proteins from food in the stomach and intestines?

A

Proteases

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27
Q

Enzymes that hydrolyze proteins and release a.a. into the bloodstream via small intestine absorption:

A

Proteases

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28
Q

Complex heterocyclic amine molecules important in enzymatic processes:

A

Porphyrins

29
Q

Porphyrins ______ metal ions into their structure and therefore utilize the ______ _______ properties of the captured metal ion

A

chelate; electron cloud

30
Q

Where are porphyrins usually found?

A

Active site of enzymes

31
Q

One variation of Vitamin B-12 is ________ and its chelate is _________

A

cyanocobalamin; colbalt

32
Q

A metal ion with numerous valence states, and is polychromatic

A

Cobalt

33
Q

Cyanocobalamin is a strong, shocking deep ____ color due to the _______ ion

A

pink; cobalt

34
Q

Nucleotides are composed of:

A

Nitrogenous base
Monosaccharide (simple sugar)
Phosphate group

35
Q

Nitrogenous bases are ________ amines and are: (2)

A

heterocyclic

  1. Purines
  2. Pyrimidines
36
Q

Purines have _ rings

Pyrimidines have _ rings

A

2; 1

37
Q

Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil are:

A

pyrimidines

38
Q

Guanine and adenine are:

A

purines

39
Q

Thymine is found in ___ only

A

DNA

40
Q

Uracil is found in ___ only

A

RNA

41
Q

What are the sugars in nucleosides and nucleotides?

A

ribose (RNA)

deoxyribose (DNA)

42
Q

Xanthines are a group of ______ and are very common in nature (plant pigment, caffeine)

A

purines

43
Q

Nucleosides are:

A

A nitrogenous base plus a ribose/ deoxyribose

44
Q

The phosphorylation of a nucleoside forms:

A

nucleotide

45
Q

_____ _____ medicines are incorporated into HIV’s RNA, causing ______ errors as the virus tries to reproduce

A

nucleoside analogs; translation

46
Q

What is used as a base for some of the most important molecules in the cell? (ATP, NADH, cAMP)

A

Adenosine

47
Q

cAMP stands for

A

cyclic adenosine monophosphate

48
Q

cAMP is a __________ molecule used in the cytoplasm that regulates a cell’s _________ by stimulating energy use

A

messenger; metabolism

49
Q

cAMP is a modified ______ molecule that in higher concentration causes the cell’s metabolism to _______

A

adenosine; increase

50
Q

Caffeine inhibits the enzyme _______, which breaks down cAMP, thus prevents cAMP from being degraded and keeps cellular activity higher

A

phosphodiesterase

51
Q

Linear, unbranched chains of bonded nucleotides (DNA or RNA) are called:

A

nucleic acid

52
Q

Nucleotides are bonded via:

A

Sugar-phosphate backbone

53
Q

Nucleotide bases in DNA and RNA:

A

DNA and RNA: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine
DNA only: Thymine
RNA only: Uracil

54
Q

DNA/RNA pairing:

A

DNA: AT and GC
RNA: AU and GC

55
Q

DNA molecules are attracted to their complementary pair by ________ ______

A

hydrogen bonding

56
Q

(T/F) RNA is a single-strand nucleic acid

A

TRUE

57
Q

DNA has one function:

A

Storage molecule for genetic data

58
Q

RNA is found in 3 distinct types

A

rRNA- ribosomal RNA
tRNA- transfer RNA
mRNA- messenger RNA

59
Q

___ and ____ are usually folded and hydrogen bonded; ____ exists as an open, un-bonded strand

A

rRNA and tRNA

mRNA

60
Q

Where are rRNA made?

A

cell nucleus

61
Q

Ribosome organelles are made in the nucleus, and are made out of:

A

half rRNA and half enzymatic protein

active site of ribosome is composed of rRNA

62
Q

mRNA is _________ from DNA in the nucleus, and is a sense copy (________) of one strand of DNA

A

transcribed; anti-sense

63
Q

mRNA carries the _______ code from the nucleus to the cell’s manufactories as information packets called ________

A

protein; codons

64
Q

A single-strand nucleic acid, hundreds of nucleotides long:

A

mRNA

65
Q

A short nucleic acid, oddly folded, single strand of RNA bases

A

tRNA

66
Q

tRNA carries _____ ______ into the protein synthesis process in the _______

A

amino acids; ribosomes

67
Q

How many types of tRNA

A

20 (for the 20 a.a. used in human protein)

68
Q

The _________ is the 3-base portion of the chain of tRNA which matches up to the _____ on messenger rNA

A

anticodon; codon

69
Q

tRNA has two sites:

A

a.a. attachment site

anticodon site

Sai_BiochemFinal (6 decks)

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