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Sai_BiochemFinal > L11 Energy Generation 2 > Flashcards

L11 Energy Generation 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation refers to the combined processes of:

A

Electron Transport Chain and ATP Synthase Phosphorylation

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2
Q

_____, hydrogen ion, and H+:

A

Proton; A hydrogen atom stripped of its electron; has a (+1) charge

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3
Q

Oxygen molecule with a -1 charge

A

Superoxide

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4
Q

A single oxygen atom usually has a ___ charge

A

-2

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5
Q

In Pyruvate Dehydrogenous/ Decarboxylation:

A

1 NADH and 1 CO2 released to matrix

1 acetyl group enters Krebs cycle via ACA

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6
Q

In Krebs Cycle:

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2 released to matrix

succinic acid is produced as a step and released to matrix

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7
Q

In ETC step:

A

Transfer of electrons through ETC produces an abundance of H+ ions

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8
Q

ATP Synthase Phosphorylation step:

A

ATP produced from matrix supply of ADP by harnessing H+ gradient

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9
Q

The ETC concentrates H+ ions (protons) in the mitochondrial ____ space by a process of passing electrons through the 4 membrane enzyme complexes

A

intermembrane

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10
Q

The concentrated H+ in the inter-membrane space is allowed to leak back into the mitochondrial matrix by:

A

ATP synthase

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11
Q

The desire of H+ to equilibrate across the membrane ___ ___ drives the enzyme to phosphorylate ADP to ATP

A

concentration gradient

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12
Q

This gradient creates sufficient energy to bond high-energy _____ needed in making ATP

A

phosphate

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13
Q

The ETC is a series of 4 enzyme complexes, along with cofactors (4)

A

Iron-sulfur clusters
metal ions
cytochrome c
ubiquinone

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14
Q

The ETC is embedded in:

A

The cristae (inner) membrane of the mitochondria

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15
Q

What is the primary pathway?

A

I- III- IV

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16
Q

Primary pathway

Complex I begins the transport of electrons, which then pass through ____, ___, ___, ____ respectively

A
  1. Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10)
  2. Fe-S clusters
  3. Complex III
  4. Cytochrome C
  5. Complex IV
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17
Q

What is the secondary pathway?

A

II - III - IV

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18
Q

Electrons are reacted with ____ in complex IV, forming water

A

oxygen

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19
Q

__ is utilized in 2 different steps in 2 different ways in aerobic respiration

A

oxygen

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20
Q

NADH pathway is also called:

A

Complex I, III, IV

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21
Q

Complex I is:

A

NADH dehydrogenous

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22
Q

NADH dehydrogenase is embedded in:

A

The cristae membrane

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23
Q

What does NADH dehydrogenase use to move electrons? (2)

A
  1. Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
  2. Fe-S clusters
    Both cofactors
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24
Q

NADH dehydrogenase pumps 4 H+ from the __ to the __

A

matrix to intermembrane space

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25
Q

NADH dehydrogenase oxidizes ___ and ___ and passes those hydrogen onto _____

A

NADH and FADH2

ubquinone

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26
Q

NADH dehydrogenase hydrolizes ubiquinone to _____

A

ubiquinol (QH2)

27
Q

Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10) is a non-polar, vitamin-like ____ and _____, found primarily in _____

A

coenzyme and antioxidant

mitochondria

28
Q

Ubiquinone accepts electrons from ____ ____ (as hydrogen) and becomes ____

A

NADH dehydrogenous

Ubiquinol (QH2)

29
Q

Since ubiquinol is _____ it diffuses laterally through the non-polar layer of the ___ membrane and unloads its electrons to : (2)

A

non-polar; cristae

  1. Complex III
  2. Cytochrome bc1 complex
30
Q

Where are iron-sulfur clusters embedded? (3)

A

Complex I, II, and in Rieske iron-sulfur protein subunit of III

31
Q

Fe-S clusters accept the electrons (of hydrogen) from ___, and pass them into the other subunits of Complex ____

A

ubiquinol; Complex III

32
Q

Complex III is:

A

Cytochrome C Oxireductase

33
Q

Why is Cytochrome c an unusual cytochrome?

A

It is highly water soluble (polar)

34
Q

Cytochrome C moves through the intermembrane space to transport electrons to Complex __, from Complex __. It carries 1 _ with its iron-heme center

A

IV; III; electron

35
Q

Complex IV is:

A

Cytochrome C Oxidase

36
Q

A multi-subunit (13) quaternary complex, like Complex III. The last complex in ETC. Contains numerous active sites and uses copper, magnesium, and zinc as cofactors

A

Cytochrome C Oxidase (Complex IV)

37
Q

Cytochrome C Oxidase, like the other complexes, pumps excess __ into the ___ space to increase the potential energy in the battery of that space

A

H+; intermembrane

38
Q

Cytochrome C Oxidase takes O2 and uses it as an electron acceptor- neutralizing the transported electrons from Complex _ and _ by making _ from _ and _

A

Complex I and III

Making H20 from O2 and H+

39
Q

What is the second use of oxygen in aerobic respiration?

A

Electron acceptor

40
Q

Complex II is:

A

Succinate pathway of electron donation- II, III, IV

41
Q

Succinate Dehydrogenase is a part of Complex _

A

II

42
Q

An enzyme used in the Krebs Cycle and only enzyme in that cycle embedded in the cristae membrane

A

Succinate Dehydrogenase

43
Q

Succinate Dehydrogenase has a dual use of passing H from ____ in the Krebs cycle directly into ETC, then reworked into ___ for the next step of Krebs

A

succinate; fumerate

44
Q

The ____ donates H to FAD+ to become FADH2, then transfers FADH2’s H to ___, which enters the ETC at Complex ___, and proceeding to Complex ___

A

succinate; ubiquinone; Complex III, Complex IV

45
Q

Complex I: NADH Dehydrogenase
Oxidizes ____, passes the e- from H through __ __ and __ clusters onto ___. The H+ ions are pumped into the inter-membrane space, and ubiquinone moves to Complex III

A

NADH; flavin mononucleotide and Fe-S clusters; ubiquinone

46
Q

Secondary Pathway: II, III, IV
Complex II- Cytochrome Oxidoreductase
This complex removes hydrogens/ electrons from ___ and passes e- onto ____

A 
ubiquinol (QH2)
Cytochrome C (Cyt)
47
Q

Ubiquinol is recycled to ubiquinone which picks up more __ from Complexes _ and _

A

hydrogens/ electrons

I and II

48
Q

Secondary Pathway: II, III, IV
Complex IV- Cytochrome C Oxidase
Accepts electrons from ___ which ___ oxygen

A

cytochrome c; reduces

49
Q

Secondary Pathway: II, III, IV
Complex IV- Cytochrome C Oxidase
Takes up __ from the matrix, pumping it into the ___ space

A

H+; inter-membrane

50
Q

Secondary Pathway: II, III, IV
Complex IV- Cytochrome C Oxidase
Most importantly, with its __ and ___ cofactors, it splits __ so it will take up __, ending the electron transport

A

Copper and heme cofactors

Oxygen; electrons

51
Q

Secondary Pathway: II, III, IV
Complex IV- Cytochrome C Oxidase
Creates ____ which is released into matrix, and deposits __ into the intermembrane space

A

Water; H+

52
Q

The final step in energy/ ATP generation is:

A

ATP synthase and Oxidative Phosphorylation

53
Q

ATP synthase and Oxidative Phosphorylation utilizes what as a battery of potential energy?

A

The highly acidic (H+) environment of the intermembrane space

54
Q

What are substrates for Oxidative Phosphorylation?

A

ADP and phosphate groups (PO4)

55
Q

___ ______ is a giant quaternary enzyme embedded in the ___ membrane, with an opening on the inter-membrane space where it channels __ through the complex

A

ATP synthase; cristae; H+

56
Q

ATP synthase rotates in response to the ___ ___ of the intermembrane space

A

low pH

57
Q

The rotation of ATP synthase catalyzes the synthesis of ___ from ___, which is released into the ____, and transported out of the mitochrondria and into the cytoplasm

A

ATP from ADP

Matrix

58
Q

Glycolysis (anaerobic respiration) releases a net of _ ATP per glucose molecule

A

2

59
Q

Aerobic respiration releases a net of __ ATP per ___ molecule

A

38; glucose

60
Q

Superoxide molecules form at Complex _ and need ___ ___ to reduce them

A

Complex I

Superoxide dismutase

61
Q

Much ATP is need to shunt the substrates of aerobic respiration into the mitochondria via transport proteins (5)

A

Pyruvate, ACA, vitamins, ADP, mineral ions, etc

62
Q

(T/F) Much ATP is used to build new enzymes damaged by respiration

A

True

63
Q

(T/F) CO2 must be properly eliminated to keep pH balanced in the cell

A

True

Sai_BiochemFinal (6 decks)

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