L11 Energy Generation 2 Flashcards
Oxidative Phosphorylation refers to the combined processes of:
Electron Transport Chain and ATP Synthase Phosphorylation
_____, hydrogen ion, and H+:
Proton; A hydrogen atom stripped of its electron; has a (+1) charge
Oxygen molecule with a -1 charge
Superoxide
A single oxygen atom usually has a ___ charge
-2
In Pyruvate Dehydrogenous/ Decarboxylation:
1 NADH and 1 CO2 released to matrix
1 acetyl group enters Krebs cycle via ACA
In Krebs Cycle:
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2 released to matrix
succinic acid is produced as a step and released to matrix
In ETC step:
Transfer of electrons through ETC produces an abundance of H+ ions
ATP Synthase Phosphorylation step:
ATP produced from matrix supply of ADP by harnessing H+ gradient
The ETC concentrates H+ ions (protons) in the mitochondrial ____ space by a process of passing electrons through the 4 membrane enzyme complexes
intermembrane
The concentrated H+ in the inter-membrane space is allowed to leak back into the mitochondrial matrix by:
ATP synthase
The desire of H+ to equilibrate across the membrane ___ ___ drives the enzyme to phosphorylate ADP to ATP
concentration gradient
This gradient creates sufficient energy to bond high-energy _____ needed in making ATP
phosphate
The ETC is a series of 4 enzyme complexes, along with cofactors (4)
Iron-sulfur clusters
metal ions
cytochrome c
ubiquinone
The ETC is embedded in:
The cristae (inner) membrane of the mitochondria
What is the primary pathway?
I- III- IV
Primary pathway
Complex I begins the transport of electrons, which then pass through ____, ___, ___, ____ respectively
- Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10)
- Fe-S clusters
- Complex III
- Cytochrome C
- Complex IV
What is the secondary pathway?
II - III - IV
Electrons are reacted with ____ in complex IV, forming water
oxygen
__ is utilized in 2 different steps in 2 different ways in aerobic respiration
oxygen
NADH pathway is also called:
Complex I, III, IV
Complex I is:
NADH dehydrogenous
NADH dehydrogenase is embedded in:
The cristae membrane
What does NADH dehydrogenase use to move electrons? (2)
- Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
- Fe-S clusters
Both cofactors
NADH dehydrogenase pumps 4 H+ from the __ to the __
matrix to intermembrane space
NADH dehydrogenase oxidizes ___ and ___ and passes those hydrogen onto _____
NADH and FADH2
ubquinone
NADH dehydrogenase hydrolizes ubiquinone to _____
ubiquinol (QH2)
Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10) is a non-polar, vitamin-like ____ and _____, found primarily in _____
coenzyme and antioxidant
mitochondria
Ubiquinone accepts electrons from ____ ____ (as hydrogen) and becomes ____
NADH dehydrogenous
Ubiquinol (QH2)
Since ubiquinol is _____ it diffuses laterally through the non-polar layer of the ___ membrane and unloads its electrons to : (2)
non-polar; cristae
- Complex III
- Cytochrome bc1 complex
Where are iron-sulfur clusters embedded? (3)
Complex I, II, and in Rieske iron-sulfur protein subunit of III
Fe-S clusters accept the electrons (of hydrogen) from ___, and pass them into the other subunits of Complex ____
ubiquinol; Complex III
Complex III is:
Cytochrome C Oxireductase
Why is Cytochrome c an unusual cytochrome?
It is highly water soluble (polar)
Cytochrome C moves through the intermembrane space to transport electrons to Complex __, from Complex __. It carries 1 _ with its iron-heme center
IV; III; electron
Complex IV is:
Cytochrome C Oxidase
A multi-subunit (13) quaternary complex, like Complex III. The last complex in ETC. Contains numerous active sites and uses copper, magnesium, and zinc as cofactors
Cytochrome C Oxidase (Complex IV)
Cytochrome C Oxidase, like the other complexes, pumps excess __ into the ___ space to increase the potential energy in the battery of that space
H+; intermembrane
Cytochrome C Oxidase takes O2 and uses it as an electron acceptor- neutralizing the transported electrons from Complex _ and _ by making _ from _ and _
Complex I and III
Making H20 from O2 and H+
What is the second use of oxygen in aerobic respiration?
Electron acceptor
Complex II is:
Succinate pathway of electron donation- II, III, IV
Succinate Dehydrogenase is a part of Complex _
II
An enzyme used in the Krebs Cycle and only enzyme in that cycle embedded in the cristae membrane
Succinate Dehydrogenase
Succinate Dehydrogenase has a dual use of passing H from ____ in the Krebs cycle directly into ETC, then reworked into ___ for the next step of Krebs
succinate; fumerate
The ____ donates H to FAD+ to become FADH2, then transfers FADH2’s H to ___, which enters the ETC at Complex ___, and proceeding to Complex ___
succinate; ubiquinone; Complex III, Complex IV
Complex I: NADH Dehydrogenase
Oxidizes ____, passes the e- from H through __ __ and __ clusters onto ___. The H+ ions are pumped into the inter-membrane space, and ubiquinone moves to Complex III
NADH; flavin mononucleotide and Fe-S clusters; ubiquinone
Secondary Pathway: II, III, IV
Complex II- Cytochrome Oxidoreductase
This complex removes hydrogens/ electrons from ___ and passes e- onto ____
ubiquinol (QH2) Cytochrome C (Cyt)
Ubiquinol is recycled to ubiquinone which picks up more __ from Complexes _ and _
hydrogens/ electrons
I and II
Secondary Pathway: II, III, IV
Complex IV- Cytochrome C Oxidase
Accepts electrons from ___ which ___ oxygen
cytochrome c; reduces
Secondary Pathway: II, III, IV
Complex IV- Cytochrome C Oxidase
Takes up __ from the matrix, pumping it into the ___ space
H+; inter-membrane
Secondary Pathway: II, III, IV
Complex IV- Cytochrome C Oxidase
Most importantly, with its __ and ___ cofactors, it splits __ so it will take up __, ending the electron transport
Copper and heme cofactors
Oxygen; electrons
Secondary Pathway: II, III, IV
Complex IV- Cytochrome C Oxidase
Creates ____ which is released into matrix, and deposits __ into the intermembrane space
Water; H+
The final step in energy/ ATP generation is:
ATP synthase and Oxidative Phosphorylation
ATP synthase and Oxidative Phosphorylation utilizes what as a battery of potential energy?
The highly acidic (H+) environment of the intermembrane space
What are substrates for Oxidative Phosphorylation?
ADP and phosphate groups (PO4)
___ ______ is a giant quaternary enzyme embedded in the ___ membrane, with an opening on the inter-membrane space where it channels __ through the complex
ATP synthase; cristae; H+
ATP synthase rotates in response to the ___ ___ of the intermembrane space
low pH
The rotation of ATP synthase catalyzes the synthesis of ___ from ___, which is released into the ____, and transported out of the mitochrondria and into the cytoplasm
ATP from ADP
Matrix
Glycolysis (anaerobic respiration) releases a net of _ ATP per glucose molecule
2
Aerobic respiration releases a net of __ ATP per ___ molecule
38; glucose
Superoxide molecules form at Complex _ and need ___ ___ to reduce them
Complex I
Superoxide dismutase
Much ATP is need to shunt the substrates of aerobic respiration into the mitochondria via transport proteins (5)
Pyruvate, ACA, vitamins, ADP, mineral ions, etc
(T/F) Much ATP is used to build new enzymes damaged by respiration
True
(T/F) CO2 must be properly eliminated to keep pH balanced in the cell
True
