L10 Energy Generation 1

Question 1

__________, like bacteria, generate ATP using glycolysis

Answer 1

prokaryotes

Question 2

Glycolysis is also called:

Answer 2

Anaerobic respiration (does not require oxygen)

Question 3

(T/F) Glycolysis produces very small amounts of ATP compared to aerobic respiration

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What is the most significant difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 4

Eukaryotes use aerobic respiration to generate ATP ( utilize glycolysis as well, but as in initial step in aerobic respiration)

Question 5

______ _____ is dependent on oxygen and produces C02 as a byproduct

Answer 5

Aerobic respiration

Question 6

What is the opposite of aerobic respiration?

Answer 6

Photosynthesis in plants

Question 7

Chlorophyll is a molecule that generates ____ and consumes ____

Answer 7

02; C02

Question 8

Theory of losing oxygen and increasing C02 in atmosphere:

Answer 8

dysox theory

Question 9

What are the two primary sources of fuel for aerobic respiration?

Answer 9

1. Glycolysis of sugars

2. B-oxidation of fatty acids

Question 10

Glycolysis produces:

Answer 10

2 pyruvic acids (pyruvate)
2 NADH
2 ATP

Question 11

In B-oxidation, fatty acids are cut into _____ groups and are attached to _____, which directly produces an abundance of ______

Answer 11

Acetyl groups
coenzyme A
ACA- acetyl coenzyme A

Question 12

What is the purpose of respiration?

Answer 12

To generate ATP

Question 13

Aerobic respiration is a process of burning ____ with ____ to extract ATP from substrates

Answer 13

carbon

oxygen

Question 14

Mitochondria have two fluid chambers within the organelle:

Answer 14

1. Matrix

2. Inter-membrane space

Question 15

The mitochondria has a _____ ______ between the matrix and inter-membrane space

Answer 15

concentration gradient

Question 16

The outer membrane protects the inter-membrane space from influence of the ______

Answer 16

cytoplasm

Question 17

The inner membrane encloses the matrix from the ___ ____

Answer 17

inter-membrane space

Question 18

The inner membrane is deeply invaginated, and is called ______

Answer 18

cristae

Question 19

What is the “battery” of the mitochondrion?

Answer 19

Inter-membrane space

Question 20

The outer and inner membranes are specialized to keep __ in the space, while allowing ____ ___ of molecules through both membranes to maintain the factory

Answer 20

H+

selective transport

Question 21

Channel proteins called _______ on the outer membrane selectively allow small molecules like ____ or ____ into the mitochondrion

Answer 21

porins

pyruvic acid or oxygen

Question 22

2 examples of important molecules that pass through mitochondria with specialized transport mechanisms

Answer 22

acetyl coenzyme A (ACA)

glucose

Question 23

The inner membrane includes the cristae and is embedded with:

Answer 23

Enzymes of the electron transport chain (Cytochrome P450 series enzymes, Coenzyme Q10)
ATP synthase
Substrate/ product transport proteins

Question 24

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

Answer 24

Mitochondria of cells

Question 25

(T/F) Mitochondria is a closed system that facilitates generation of ATP

Answer 25

True

Question 26

Mitochondria carries loops of ____ in the matrix that are constantly coding for the enzymes and proteins needed in these 4 processes:

Answer 26

DNA 1. B-Oxidation 2. Glycolysis 3. Krebs Cycle 4. Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 27

4 Steps of Aerobic Respiration: (all in mitochondria)

Answer 27

1. Pyruvate Decarboxylation- matrix 2. Krebs Cycle/ Citric Acid Cycle- matrix 3. Electron Transport Chain- cristae 4. ADP to ATP Phosphorylation- cristae

Question 28

Where does (Step 1) Pyruvate Decarboxylation take place?

Answer 28

matrix of mitochondria

Question 29

In pyruvate decarboxylation, pyruvic acid ( a 3-carbon molecule), has a ___ removed as ___

Answer 29

carbon; C02

Question 30

What is the remainder of step 1 (pyruvate decarboxylation?

Answer 30

An acetyl group bonded to coenzyme A, making ACA, which enters the Krebs Cycle

Question 31

Pyruvate Decarboxylation releases:

Answer 31

1 Co2 and 1 NADH

Question 32

ACA is made in pyruvate decarboxylation and then enters:

Answer 32

The Krebs Cycle

Question 33

Krebs cycle takes place in:

Answer 33

Matrix of mitochondria

Question 34

Krebs Cycle breaks down the ____ pieces that enter from ACA by reacting them with ____ in a process called

Answer 34

2-carbon (acetyl) oxygen oxidation

Question 35

The energy released from oxidation in Krebs Cycle is passed by energy carrier molecules to:

Answer 35

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Question 36

The Krebs cycle oxidizes or burns ____ from ____ _____ or ______ via acetyl coenzyme A and releases CO2, which goes to LU

Answer 36

carbon pyruvic acid fatty acids

Question 37

Step 3 (electron transport chain) ETC is lodged in the ____ membrane

Answer 37

cristae

Question 38

The ___ ____ molecules produced from Krebs are utilized in ETC of enzymes

Answer 38

energy carrier

Question 39

____ enzymes move electrons to power a build-up of energy in the mitochondria (battery)

Answer 39

ETC

Question 40

What two ways is oxygen used in aerobic respiration?

Answer 40

1. Burnt with carbon | 2. Used as an electron acceptor, creating water

Question 41

Step 4: Oxidative phosphorylation or __ ___ __

Answer 41

ATP synthase phosphorylation

Question 42

In oxidative phosphorylation, the battery created by ETC is discharged across a membrane back into the mitochondrial matrix through the enzyme __ __

Answer 42

ATP synthase

Question 43

The desire of the banked energy to _____ across the membrane's __ __ drives the enzyme to phosphorylate ADP to ATP

Answer 43

equilibriate | concentration gradient

Question 44

What are the important molecular players in ATP energy generation?

Answer 44

1. Input molecules: Pyruvic acid, ACA, o2, ADP 2. Cofactors/ Enzymes 3. Vitamins 4. Output molecules: ATP, H+. C02 5. Mineral Ions

Question 45

Step 1: Pyruvate Decarboxylations The first stage takes 3-carbon pyruvate from glycolysis, and convert pyruvic acid to ___ ___ ___ via the enzyme complex ___ ____

Answer 45

Acetyl coenzyme A (ACA) | Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

Question 46

Step 1: Pyruvate Decarboxylations | Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex is:

Answer 46

A multi-unit enzyme

Question 47

Step 1: Pyruvate Decarboxylations | How is ACA manufactured from pyruvate by Pyruvate Dehydrogenous Complex?

Answer 47

1. Pyruvate from glycolysis is degraded into an acetyl group using coenzyme lipoamide 2. Coenzyme A accepts the acetyl group, yielding ACA

Question 48

fx of coenzyme lipoamide?

Answer 48

Degrades pyruvate into acetyl groups

Question 49

Input and Output of Pyruvate Decarboxylation:

Answer 49

``` Input: Pyruvate Coenzyme A Coenzyme Lipoamide NAD+ O2 ``` ``` Output: NADH CO2 ACA Coenzyme Lipoamide ```

Question 50

How is the 3-carbon molecule Pyruvate reduced to an acetyl group?

Answer 50

1 Carbon is released as CO2

Question 51

NAD+ is used in creating ___, producing one NADH

Answer 51

CO2

Question 52

Coenzyme lipoamide is recycled via:

Answer 52

FAD

Question 53

Why is the Krebs Cycle often called the citric acid cycle?

Answer 53

Citric acid is the first molecular product when ACA is introduced to the cycle

Question 54

The purpose of the Krebs Cycle is to _____ carbon from ___

Answer 54

oxidize (burn) | ACA

Question 55

ACA is supplied to Krebs cycle from _____ ______ or ___ ___

Answer 55

Pyruvate Decarboxylation | B Oxidation

Question 56

The products of NADH, FADH2, and succinate have excess ______ in their molecules that carry and extra ____ to feed the ETC

Answer 56

hydrogen | electron

Question 57

_____ (4-carbon) is cycled into the 1st enzyme ( ___ ___) with ACA, creating citric acid- a 6- carbon molecule

Answer 57

Oxaloacetate | Citrate synthesase

Question 58

What is the "work-horse" that the systems extracts energy from?

Answer 58

The 6 carbon backbone called citric acid

Question 59

Krebs produces 3 ___, 1 ___ and 2 ____

Answer 59

3 NADH 1 FADH2 2 CO2

Question 60

By breaking down carbon compounds and using oxygen, ___ ____ and ____ ____ sends the ETC 4 ____ and 1 _____

Answer 60

Pyruvate Decarboxylation Krebs Cycle 4 NADH 1 FADH

Question 61

Waste products of ETC and Krebs cycle are:

Answer 61

3 CO2

Question 62

NADH and FADH2 (energy intermediates) carry ____ to the ETC

Answer 62

hydrogen