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Sai_BiochemFinal > L10 Energy Generation 1 > Flashcards

L10 Energy Generation 1 Flashcards

1
Q

__________, like bacteria, generate ATP using glycolysis

A

prokaryotes

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2
Q

Glycolysis is also called:

A

Anaerobic respiration (does not require oxygen)

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3
Q

(T/F) Glycolysis produces very small amounts of ATP compared to aerobic respiration

A

True

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4
Q

What is the most significant difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes use aerobic respiration to generate ATP ( utilize glycolysis as well, but as in initial step in aerobic respiration)

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5
Q

______ _____ is dependent on oxygen and produces C02 as a byproduct

A

Aerobic respiration

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6
Q

What is the opposite of aerobic respiration?

A

Photosynthesis in plants

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7
Q

Chlorophyll is a molecule that generates ____ and consumes ____

A

02; C02

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8
Q

Theory of losing oxygen and increasing C02 in atmosphere:

A

dysox theory

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9
Q

What are the two primary sources of fuel for aerobic respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis of sugars

2. B-oxidation of fatty acids

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10
Q

Glycolysis produces:

A

2 pyruvic acids (pyruvate)
2 NADH
2 ATP

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11
Q

In B-oxidation, fatty acids are cut into _____ groups and are attached to _____, which directly produces an abundance of ______

A

Acetyl groups
coenzyme A
ACA- acetyl coenzyme A

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12
Q

What is the purpose of respiration?

A

To generate ATP

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13
Q

Aerobic respiration is a process of burning ____ with ____ to extract ATP from substrates

A

carbon

oxygen

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14
Q

Mitochondria have two fluid chambers within the organelle:

A
  1. Matrix

2. Inter-membrane space

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15
Q

The mitochondria has a _____ ______ between the matrix and inter-membrane space

A

concentration gradient

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16
Q

The outer membrane protects the inter-membrane space from influence of the ______

A

cytoplasm

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17
Q

The inner membrane encloses the matrix from the ___ ____

A

inter-membrane space

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18
Q

The inner membrane is deeply invaginated, and is called ______

A

cristae

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19
Q

What is the “battery” of the mitochondrion?

A

Inter-membrane space

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20
Q

The outer and inner membranes are specialized to keep __ in the space, while allowing ____ ___ of molecules through both membranes to maintain the factory

A

H+

selective transport

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21
Q

Channel proteins called _______ on the outer membrane selectively allow small molecules like ____ or ____ into the mitochondrion

A

porins

pyruvic acid or oxygen

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22
Q

2 examples of important molecules that pass through mitochondria with specialized transport mechanisms

A

acetyl coenzyme A (ACA)

glucose

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23
Q

The inner membrane includes the cristae and is embedded with:

A

Enzymes of the electron transport chain (Cytochrome P450 series enzymes, Coenzyme Q10)
ATP synthase
Substrate/ product transport proteins

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24
Q

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

A

Mitochondria of cells

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25
Q

(T/F) Mitochondria is a closed system that facilitates generation of ATP

A

True

26
Q

Mitochondria carries loops of ____ in the matrix that are constantly coding for the enzymes and proteins needed in these 4 processes:

A

DNA

  1. B-Oxidation
  2. Glycolysis
  3. Krebs Cycle
  4. Oxidative Phosphorylation
27
Q

4 Steps of Aerobic Respiration: (all in mitochondria)

A
  1. Pyruvate Decarboxylation- matrix
  2. Krebs Cycle/ Citric Acid Cycle- matrix
  3. Electron Transport Chain- cristae
  4. ADP to ATP Phosphorylation- cristae
28
Q

Where does (Step 1) Pyruvate Decarboxylation take place?

A

matrix of mitochondria

29
Q

In pyruvate decarboxylation, pyruvic acid ( a 3-carbon molecule), has a ___ removed as ___

A

carbon; C02

30
Q

What is the remainder of step 1 (pyruvate decarboxylation?

A

An acetyl group bonded to coenzyme A, making ACA, which enters the Krebs Cycle

31
Q

Pyruvate Decarboxylation releases:

A

1 Co2 and 1 NADH

32
Q

ACA is made in pyruvate decarboxylation and then enters:

A

The Krebs Cycle

33
Q

Krebs cycle takes place in:

A

Matrix of mitochondria

34
Q

Krebs Cycle breaks down the ____ pieces that enter from ACA by reacting them with ____ in a process called

A

2-carbon (acetyl)
oxygen
oxidation

35
Q

The energy released from oxidation in Krebs Cycle is passed by energy carrier molecules to:

A

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

36
Q

The Krebs cycle oxidizes or burns ____ from ____ _____ or ______ via acetyl coenzyme A and releases CO2, which goes to LU

A

carbon
pyruvic acid
fatty acids

37
Q

Step 3 (electron transport chain) ETC is lodged in the ____ membrane

A

cristae

38
Q

The ___ ____ molecules produced from Krebs are utilized in ETC of enzymes

A

energy carrier

39
Q

____ enzymes move electrons to power a build-up of energy in the mitochondria (battery)

A

ETC

40
Q

What two ways is oxygen used in aerobic respiration?

A
  1. Burnt with carbon

2. Used as an electron acceptor, creating water

41
Q

Step 4: Oxidative phosphorylation or __ ___ __

A

ATP synthase phosphorylation

42
Q

In oxidative phosphorylation, the battery created by ETC is discharged across a membrane back into the mitochondrial matrix through the enzyme __ __

A

ATP synthase

43
Q

The desire of the banked energy to _____ across the membrane’s __ __ drives the enzyme to phosphorylate ADP to ATP

A

equilibriate

concentration gradient

44
Q

What are the important molecular players in ATP energy generation?

A
  1. Input molecules: Pyruvic acid, ACA, o2, ADP
  2. Cofactors/ Enzymes
  3. Vitamins
  4. Output molecules: ATP, H+. C02
  5. Mineral Ions
45
Q

Step 1: Pyruvate Decarboxylations
The first stage takes 3-carbon pyruvate from glycolysis, and convert pyruvic acid to ___ ___ ___ via the enzyme complex ___ ____

A

Acetyl coenzyme A (ACA)

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

46
Q

Step 1: Pyruvate Decarboxylations

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex is:

A

A multi-unit enzyme

47
Q

Step 1: Pyruvate Decarboxylations

How is ACA manufactured from pyruvate by Pyruvate Dehydrogenous Complex?

A
  1. Pyruvate from glycolysis is degraded into an acetyl group using coenzyme lipoamide
  2. Coenzyme A accepts the acetyl group, yielding ACA
48
Q

fx of coenzyme lipoamide?

A

Degrades pyruvate into acetyl groups

49
Q

Input and Output of Pyruvate Decarboxylation:

A 
Input:
Pyruvate
Coenzyme A
Coenzyme Lipoamide
NAD+
O2
Output:
NADH
CO2
ACA
Coenzyme Lipoamide
50
Q

How is the 3-carbon molecule Pyruvate reduced to an acetyl group?

A

1 Carbon is released as CO2

51
Q

NAD+ is used in creating ___, producing one NADH

A

CO2

52
Q

Coenzyme lipoamide is recycled via:

A

FAD

53
Q

Why is the Krebs Cycle often called the citric acid cycle?

A

Citric acid is the first molecular product when ACA is introduced to the cycle

54
Q

The purpose of the Krebs Cycle is to _____ carbon from ___

A

oxidize (burn)

ACA

55
Q

ACA is supplied to Krebs cycle from _____ ______ or ___ ___

A

Pyruvate Decarboxylation

B Oxidation

56
Q

The products of NADH, FADH2, and succinate have excess ______ in their molecules that carry and extra ____ to feed the ETC

A

hydrogen

electron

57
Q

_____ (4-carbon) is cycled into the 1st enzyme ( ___ ___) with ACA, creating citric acid- a 6- carbon molecule

A

Oxaloacetate

Citrate synthesase

58
Q

What is the “work-horse” that the systems extracts energy from?

A

The 6 carbon backbone called citric acid

59
Q

Krebs produces 3 ___, 1 ___ and 2 ____

A

3 NADH
1 FADH2
2 CO2

60
Q

By breaking down carbon compounds and using oxygen, ___ ____ and ____ ____ sends the ETC 4 ____ and 1 _____

A

Pyruvate Decarboxylation
Krebs Cycle
4 NADH
1 FADH

61
Q

Waste products of ETC and Krebs cycle are:

A

3 CO2

62
Q

NADH and FADH2 (energy intermediates) carry ____ to the ETC

A

hydrogen

Sai_BiochemFinal (6 decks)

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