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MSK > L9 - MSK - Neurulation and Neural Crest > Flashcards

L9 - MSK - Neurulation and Neural Crest Flashcards

1
Q

What germ layer does the Notochord come from?

A

Ectoderm

*Red

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2
Q

What does Neural Plate form?

What induces it’s formation?

What germ layer is it from?

A

Forms CNS

Induced by Notochord

From Ectoderm (red)

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3
Q

What layer is closest to the mesoderm?

A

Somatic Layer

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4
Q

What comes from the Neural Crest?

What germ layer is Neural Crest from?

What germ layer does it act like?

A

Bone, Cartilage, Heart

From ectoderm

Acts like mesoderm

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5
Q

What releases Sonic Hedgehog?

A

The Notochord

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6
Q

What does Neuroectoderm make?

A

Neural Plate

Neural Groove

Neural Folds

Neural Tubes

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7
Q

How does the Neural Tube Closure occur?

A

Starts to zip up in the middle and moves towards the ends

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8
Q

What does Primary Neurulation do?

A

Brain to lumbar region of spinal cord

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9
Q

What does Secondary Neurulation do? and when?

A

Day 20 to Day 42

Caudal Eminence and then becomes spinal cord

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10
Q

What day does the Rostral Neuropore close?

A

Day 25

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11
Q

What day does the Caudal Neuropore close?

A

Day 28

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12
Q

Why does the Rostral Neuropore close first?

A

Rostral is brain to lumbar region.

Brain is more important. So more blood goes to head and arms so they will develop first.

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13
Q

What type of cells and tissues arise from Neural Crest?

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Supporting Cells
  3. Pigmenting Cells
  4. Endocrine Cells
  5. Ectomesenchyme
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14
Q

What make Neurilemma cells?

A

Neural Crest

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15
Q

What makes Enamel and Dentin?

A

Neural Crest

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16
Q

Neural Crest Derivative Cells

A

*Sensory Neurons come from Neural Crest*

  • Spinal Ganglion
  • Autonomic Ganglia
  • Schwann Cells / mylenating the PNS
  • Arachnoid and Pia Mater
  • Hair/Skin - Pigment
  • Thyroid C-Cells
  • Adrenal Gland Cells
  • Cartilage of head and neck
  • Parts of heart, eye, teeth
17
Q

Problem with what cells lead to DiGeorge Syndrome?

A

Neural Crest cells

  • Neurocristopathies
18
Q

What causes Hirschsprung’s disease? (aganglionic colon (blockage))

A

Neurocristopathy

Problem with Neural Crest Cells

19
Q

Neurocristopathies = problems with Neural Crest Cells

examples?

A

Cleft palate/lip

Heart defects

Eye Defects

DiGeorge

Hirschsprung’s

20
Q

What is Spinal Bifida occulta?

What causes it?

What are the symptoms?

Who does it affect?

A
  • hidden
  • caudal neuroport finally closed but disrupted
  • unfused vertebral arch
  • bifebed spinous processes
  • usually no problems
  • tuft of hair on small of back
  • 10% of population
21
Q

What is Meningocele?

What causes it?

Symptoms?

Vertebral arches present?

Defects?

A

Congenital Neural Tube Defects: Spinal Cord

  • Failure of Caudal Neuroport to close in timeley manner
  • finally closes, by may or may not be covered by skin
  • Vertebral arches did NOT form
  • meninges herniate out into a cyst like sac
  • may or may not have defects
22
Q

What is Meningomyelocele?

Cause?

Arches?

Skin?

Defects?

A

Congenital Neural Tube Defect: Spinal Cord

  • failure of caudal neuroport to close
  • no vertebral arches
  • meninges herniate into sac
  • covered with membrane
  • motor and sensory defects
23
Q

What is Myelocele (myeloschisis)?

A
  • most severe
  • Conginetial Neural Tube Defect: Spinal Cord
  • Spinal cord exposed to environment
  • no vertebral arches
  • motor and sensory defects
  • SOL
24
Q
A
  1. Spina bifida occulta
  2. Meningomyelocele
  3. Anencephaly
  4. Encephalocele
25
Q

What is Anencephaly?

A

Congenital Neural Tube Defect: Cranial

  • Failure of Rostral Neural Port to close
  • limited brain formation
  • brain stem does form
  • NO life

(one patient lived till 3yo)

26
Q

What happens when the Rostral Neuroport does NOT close properly?

A

Anencephaly

Encephalocele (with or without brain tissue)

27
Q

Top?

Bottom?

A

Top: Cervical Meningocele = failure of Caudal Neuroport to close

Bottom: Frontal Encephalocele = Failure of Rostral Neuroport to close

28
Q

What is the origin germ layer of Meninx Primitiva?

A

Mesoderm (red)

29
Q

What 3 layers form during development of Meninges?

A

Meninx Primitiva (mesoderm origin, derived from sclerotome)

Pachymeninx (dura mater - mesoderm (and neural crest))

Leptomeninges (arachnoid and pia mater (neural crest))

30
Q

Summary of 3 Germ Layers

Exs of each?

A

Ectoderm - Surface and Neuro

Surface = hair, skin, nails, enamel, eye lens

Neuro = Neural Crest and Neural Tube

Neural Crest = sensory nerves, pigment cells, cartilages

Neural Tube = CNS, Retina

Endoderm = epithelium = lungs, GI, bladder, thyroid, tonsils

31
Q

When does Folding of the Embryo occur?

A

Week 4

32
Q

Neural Folds fuse to form what?

A

Neural Tube

(think of it as a zipper)

33
Q

What cells undergo Epithelial-Mesechymal-Transition (EMT)?

A

Neuroectoderm / Neural Crest Cells

MSK (9 decks)

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