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Micro unit 2 > L9 > Flashcards

L9 Flashcards

1
Q

Innate Immunity

A

Not antigen specific

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2
Q

Adaptive Immunity:

A

Antigen specific

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3
Q

The immune response develops with an

A

“innate” phase early after infection and with an “adaptive” later phase.

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4
Q

Innate immune response is

A

is ancient.
involves barrier defenses

involves cells that are NOT antigen specific.

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5
Q
  1. Physical barriers (Epithelial and Mucosal surfaces)
A

The skin acts as our first line of defense against invading organisms.

Mucosal surfaces (another important first line of defense)

The flushing action of tears and saliva helps prevent infection of the eyes and mouth.

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6
Q

Desquamation of

A

skin epithelium also helps remove bacteria and other infectious agents that have adhered to the epithelial surfaces.

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7
Q

Movement due to cilia or peristalsis helps to keep

A

air passages and the gastrointestinal tract free from microorganisms.

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8
Q

The trapping effect of

A

mucus that lines the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract helps protect the lungs and digestive systems from infection.

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9
Q
  1. Chemical barriers: Fatty acids in sweat
A

inhibit the growth of bacteria.

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10
Q
  1. Chemical barriers: Lysozyme and phospholipase found in
A

tears, saliva and nasal secretions can breakdown the cell wall of bacteria and destabilize bacterial membranes.

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11
Q
  1. Chemical barriers: The low pH of sweat and gastric secretions prevent
A

growth of bacteria.

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12
Q
  1. Chemical barriers: Defensins (low molecular weight proteins) found in the
A

lung and gastrointestinal tract have antimicrobial activity

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13
Q
  1. Chemical barriers: Surfactants in the lung
A

act enhance antigen clearance

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14
Q
  1. Biological barriers: The normal flora of the skin and in the gastrointestinal tract can
A

prevent the colonization of pathogenic bacteria by secreting toxic substances or by competing with pathogenic bacteria for nutrients or attachment to cell surfaces.

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15
Q

Immune Cells: Aliases are

A

white blood cells and leukocytes

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16
Q

All leukocytes are derived from

A

hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow.

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17
Q

Myeloid cells are leukocytes derived from a

A

myeloid progenitor cell

  Dendritic cells granulocytes monocytes
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18
Q

Granulocytes

A

Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils

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19
Q

Monocytes in circulation differentiate

into

A

macrophages in tissue

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20
Q

Lymphoid cells are

A

leukocytes derived from lymphoid progenitor cells.

   Natural Killer cells are innate
    immune cells.

   T cells and B cells are adaptive
   immune cells.
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21
Q

Natural Killer Cells: Comprise

A

5-15% of leukocytes.

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22
Q

Natural killer cells: Primary job is to

A

kill virally infected and tumor cells. The can also produce cytokines (specifically IFN-γ) for macrophages early in infection. They are lymphocytes, but they are not antigen-specific.

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23
Q

Neutrophils

A

phagocytic cells
large cells
50-75% of blood leukocytes in humans
often the first cells to respond to “trouble”

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24
Q

neutrophils contain

A

arsenal of lysozymes and antibiotic proteins

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25
Q

neutrophils nucleus

A

characteristic multilobed nucleus

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26
Q

neutrophils rapidly respond to

A

rapidly respond to chemotactic agents

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27
Q

neutrophils produce

A

produce chemotactic agents for other leukocytes

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28
Q

neutrophils phagocytose invading

A

microorganisms or particles

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29
Q

Eosinophils:

A

Minor cell type, comprises 1-5% of total leukocytes in human blood. They are a type of granulocyte, and play a prominent role in response to parasitic infections (also involved in allergic reactions and asthma).

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30
Q

eosinophils They induce their function by

A

degranulating and releasing:

eosinophil cationic protein

  • major basic protein
  • eosinophil peroxidase
  • reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen intermediates
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31
Q

Basophils & Mast Cells: basophils comprise

A

0.2 % of blood leukocytes (very low numbers)

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32
Q

Basophils & Mast Cells: mast cells are very

A

similar and are found in tissues (not blood)

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33
Q

Basophils & Mast Cells: principal trigger is

A

IgE mediated surface receptor cross-linking

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34
Q

Basophils & Mast Cells: release multiple

A

inflammatory mediators

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35
Q

Basophils & Mast Cells: = histamine is

A

primary mediator

36
Q

Basophils and mast cells; protective during

A

INFflammation but pathological role in allergy

37
Q

An essential part of the inflammatory response is the

A

recruitment of innate immune cells to sites of infection and inflammation. These cells are part of the first line of defense in the innate immune system:

38
Q

Natural killer (NK)–

A

NK cells can nonspecifically kill virus infected and tumor cells. important in nonspecific immunity to viral infections and tumor surveillance. FIRST RESPONDER!!

39
Q

Eosinophils –

A

Eosinophils have proteins in granules that are effective in killing certain parasites. Involved in inflammatory and allergic responses ( particularly in the skin and airway)

40
Q

Neutrophils –

A

Polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) are recruited to the site of infection where they phagocytose invading organisms and kill them intracellularly. Can contribute to tissue damage during inflammation. FIRST RESPONDER!!

41
Q

Macrophages –

A

main function is phagocytosis and intracellular killing of microorganisms.
capable of killing infected or altered self target cells
contribute to tissue repair/wound healing
act as antigen-presenting cells, which are required for the induction of specific immune responses.

42
Q

Dendritic Cells –

A

main function is antigen processing and presentation to T-cells. Critical cell in initiating the adaptive immune response

43
Q

Monocytes/Macrophages: monocyte —>

A

macrophage (in tissue) in tissue

44
Q

Monocytes/Macrophages: 5-10% of

A

blood leukocytes

45
Q

Monocytes/Macrophages: ARE

A

phagocytic cells

46
Q

Monocytes/Macrophages: have characteristic

A

large nucleus

47
Q

Monocytes/Macrophages: very large cell,

A

10 - 20 µm in diameter

48
Q

Monocytes/Macrophages: produce

A

chemotactic agents for other leukocytes

49
Q

Monocytes/Macrophages: contain arsenal of

A

lysozymes and antibiotic proteins

50
Q

Monocytes/macrophages: phagocytose

A

microorganisms, particles, & tumor cells

51
Q

Monocytes/macrophages: extremely important for

A

antigen presentation

extremely important for clearance of dead cells & debris

52
Q

Dendritic Cells:

A

Phagocytic cells (less predominant than neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages) are primarily responsible for phagoytosing microbes, and presenting peptide antigens to lymphocytes. Thus, they are generally referred to as antigen presenting cells (or professional antigen presenting cells).

53
Q

Monocytes/Macrophages and Dendritic Cells have an

A

additional important function:

54
Q

Cytokines: Proteins produced by many different

A

cell types that mediate inflammatory and immune reactions. Cytokines are principal mediators of communication between cells of the immune response.

55
Q

Chemokines: A large family of structurally

A

homologous, low molecular weight cytokines that stimulate leukocyte movement and regulate the migration of leukocytes from the blood to the tissues.

56
Q

The dendritic cell is the principal cell type that links the

A

innate immune response to the adaptive immune response (macrophages can do this too)

Cytokine Producers
	Phagocytic Cells (but more specialized toward antigen presentation)
57
Q

Periphery

A

Innate

58
Q

Lymph Node

A

Adaptive

59
Q

Lymphocytes derived from

A

hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow, that differentiate into lymphoid progenitor cells.

60
Q

Lymphoid progenitors give rise to

A

B lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow and T lymphocytes that mature in the thymus

61
Q

Lymphocytes :

A

20-50% of blood leukocytes

B cells, T cells, NK cells

62
Q

Lymphocytes; relatively small,

A

6 - 10 µm in diameter

63
Q

Lymphocytes: produce

A

produce chemotactic agents to attract other leukocytes
produce cytokines to activate or inactivate other leukocytes
extremely important for adaptive immunity:
immunologic specificity
immune regulation
immune memory (basis for vaccines)

64
Q

Adaptive immunity is comprised of both a

A

humoral arm and a cell-mediated arm.

65
Q

Why are both arms needed? - adaptive immunity

A

Use different mechanisms to attack pathogens
humoral primarily effective against extracellular microbes
cell-mediated primarily effective intracellular pathogens

66
Q

How do we tell immune cells apart?

A

Cluster of Differentiaton (CD) Markers

67
Q

CD3+ cells are

A

T cells

68
Q

CD3+CD4+ cells are

A

CD4+ T cells (or Helper T cells)

69
Q

-CD3+CD8+ cells are

A

CD8+ T cells (or Cytotoxic T Cells)

70
Q

An antigen (Ag) is any

A

substance that can be specifically bound by a cell of the adaptive immune system

71
Q

Immunogen

A
  • an antigen that ellicits an immune response
72
Q

Tolerogen-

A

induces immunological tolerance or immune non-responsiveness

73
Q

Allergen-

A

an antigen that causes an immediate hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction

74
Q

Endogenous Antigen

A

Antigens generated within the cells of the body as a result of normal metabolism or viral infection

Proteins encoded for by genes of viruses
Abberant proteins encoded for by mutated genes (e.g. cancer cells)

75
Q

Endogenous antigen - These are antigens presented by

A

APCs to CD8+ T cells

76
Q

Exogenous Antigen

A 
Antigen directly entering the body from the environment
Inhaled antigen (e.g. cat hairs, pollen) 
Ingested antigen (e.g. shellfish protein, peanuts)
Injected antigen (e.g. splinter, injected vaccine
77
Q

Exogenous antigen - These are antigens presented by

A

APCs to CD4+ Tcells

78
Q

Anatomy of Lymphocyte Activation

A

Microbe infects host
Microbe is taken up by APC at site of infection
APC enters lymph circulation and into LN
Naïve T and B cells enter LN from circulation

79
Q

How do immune cells get into lymphoid organs?

no antigen

A

If no antigen is being presented, T cells leave and re-enter circulation.

80
Q

How do immune cells get into lymphoid organs?

antigen present

A

If antigen is present, immune cell is activated prior to exiting and going to site of peripheral infection/inflammation

81
Q

Controlling Leukocyte Entry into Peripheral Sites:
Physiochemical Variables:

Blood flow (shear force)

A

Post-capillary venules have less shear force and thin vessel wall

82
Q

Controlling Leukocyte Entry into Peripheral Sites:
Physiochemical Variables

Electrostatic interactions

A

Net (-) charge on endothelia and inflammatory cells
Repulsion under physiological conditions
Electrostatic grasping can occur after injury/infection due to changes in charge distribution

83
Q

Cellular adhesion molecules for

A

lymphocyte homing

84
Q

Toll-like receptors are

A

HIGHLY CONSERVED across species.

TLRs were first described in drosophila and are almost identical in all species including humans.

85
Q

TLRs are also known as

A

pattern recognition receptors

They recognize molecules that are broadly shared by pathogens but distinguishable from host molecules, collectively referred to as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

86
Q

Consequences of TLR ligation affect both

A

innate and adaptive immunity

Micro unit 2 (12 decks)

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