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Micro unit 2 > L4 > Flashcards

L4 Flashcards

1
Q

Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) type

A

Togaviridae

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2
Q

Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) - genome

A

(+)ssRNA

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3
Q

Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virion

A

enveloped

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4
Q

Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) - type

A

Togaviridae

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5
Q

Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE)

genome

A

(+)ssRNA

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6
Q

Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE)

virion

A

enveloped

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7
Q

West Nile

type

A

Flaviviridae*

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8
Q

West Nile

genome

A

(+)ssRNA

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9
Q

West Nile

virion

A

enveloped

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10
Q

Rabies type

A

Rhabdoviridae

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11
Q

Rabies genome

A

(-)ssRNA

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12
Q

Rabies virion

A

enveloped

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13
Q

Arthropod Transmission

A

Selected togaviruses and flaviviruses are transmitted through a vector

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14
Q

Arthropod Transmission (Cont.) common vectors

A

Mosquitoes: Culiseta, Aedes, Culex

Ticks

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15
Q

Arthropod transmission Reservoirs

A

Birds

Small Mammals

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16
Q

Arthropod transmission Transmission requires

A

replication in the vector

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17
Q

Arthropod Transmission (Cont.) Geographic location determined by

A

vector and reservoir habitat

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18
Q

EEE & VEE Virus - Virus introduced through

A

the bite of an infected arthropod

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19
Q

EEE & VEE Virus - Infect cells

A

locally and/or carried by Langerhans cells to LN

20
Q

EEE & VEE Virus - Replication and release into the

A

blood stream

21
Q

EEE & VEE Virus - Infection in other target organs such as the

A

CNS

Method of crossing blood-brain barrier is unknown

22
Q

EEE & VEE Virus - Incubation period

A

4 to 10 days

23
Q

EEE and VEE virus - Systemic disease

A

Chills, fever, malaise, arthralgia, myalgia

Lasting 1 to 2 weeks full recovery

24
Q

EEE and VEE virus - Encephalitic disease

A

Fever, headache, irritability, restlessness, vomiting, diarrhea, convulsions, and coma
1/3 of encephalitic cases die from the disease 2 to 10 days after onset
Those who recover can have long term sequelae
Seizures, personality disorders, paralysis

25
Q

EEE & VEE Virus Prevention & Control - A single

A

A single vaccine is available (TC-83)

Live attenuated TC-83, inactivated C-84
Only provided to at risk military personnel and researchers
Partially effective against inhalation challenge in primates
Veterinary vaccines exist

26
Q

EEE & VEE Virus Prevention & Control - No

A

No treatment
Supportive care
Mosquito control strategies
Mosquito repellant

27
Q

EEE neurovirulence prevalence in the US

A

Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is maintained in a cycle between Culiseta melanura mosquitoes and avian hosts in freshwater hardwood swamps. Cs. melanura is not considered to be an important vector of EEEV to humans because it feeds almost exclusively on birds.

28
Q

West Nile Virus Disease incubation

A 
2 to 14 days
Most persons (80%) have asymptomatic infections
29
Q

West nile infections

A

Illness ~20% of infections
Fever, headache, fatigue
Duration of 3 to 6 days

30
Q

West nile Neuroinvasive disease in

A

<1%
Aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, flaccid paralysis, altered mental state, tremors
50% of survivors have sequelae 12 mths later

31
Q

West Nile Virus Prevention & Control - no

A 
approved vaccine
No treatment
Supportive care 
Mosquito control strategies
Mosquito repellant
32
Q

Current Topic – Zika Virus

A

flavivirus - Enveloped, Spherical

RNA genome

33
Q

Zika hosts

A

Life long infection inmosquitos (Aedes)

Transient infection in primates, rodents

34
Q

Zika Disease – Zika Fever

A

Resemble dengue fever
Lasts several days, fever, red eyes, joint pain, rash
Transmitted by mosquitos, possible via sex, blood transfusions, vertically

35
Q

Zika Complications

A 
Guillain-Barre syndrome – autoimmune disease attacking the autonomic nervous system
Newborn microcephaly (suspected) – birth defect, long term developmental issues
36
Q

Rabies Virus broad

A

tropism

37
Q

Rabies Replication in

A

cytoplasm only

38
Q

Rabies Genome order dictates abundance of

A

transcripts and proteins

39
Q

Rabies Binding of N to

A

RNA triggers genome replication

40
Q

Rabies Frequently produces

A

defective interfering particles

41
Q

Rabies Virus Disease - Transmission by bite of infected animal

A

15% of bites cause disease

60% if on face or head

42
Q

Rabies Reservoir:

A

bats, skunks, raccoons, etc.
Common disease of dogs in developing countries
Common source of human rabies deaths
Only a few cases in US every year

43
Q

Rabies Virus Disease - Incubation period:

A

1 to 3 months
Longer is possible, though rare
Depends on location of bite

44
Q

Rabies Spread

A

Replicates locally until it finds neurons
Moves passively in axoplasm of peripheral nerves to spinal ganglia, spinal cord, and brain
Spreads back to periphery, highly innervated salivary glands & replicates

45
Q

Symptoms Rabies Virus

A

Prickling or itching where bitten, fever, headache
Hydrophobia – difficulty swallowing, even saliva, leads to “foaming at the mouth”
Cerebral dysfunction, anxiety, confusion, delirium, hallucinations, and insomnia

46
Q

Rabies Virus - outcome

A

Once symptoms appear, disease is nearly always fatal

Only 10 documented survivals, only 2 of those had no history of previous prophylaxis

47
Q

Rabies Virus Prevention

A

Vaccine available
Post-exposure prophylaxis
Should be administered immediately for bites that break the skin
4 doses – immediate, 3, 7, and 14 days
Should also receive immunoglobulin (RIG)
Vaccination of dogs and domestic animals essential to control
Some countries attempt to vaccinate wildlife using baits laden with oral vaccines

Micro unit 2 (12 decks)

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