L9

Question 1

Neurotransmitter

Answer 1

Cholinergic receptors
Response to acetylcholine (+)
E.g. nicotinic
Muscarinic

Adrenergic receptors
Respond to epinephrine, norepinephrine (+)
E.g. Alpha, beta

Other

Serotonin (-)
Dopamine (+)
GABA (-)
glutamate (+)

Question 2

Direct acting cholinoceptor stimulants

Answer 2

Bethanechol
Activates muscarinic receptors
Urinary and bladder emptying

Pilocarpine

Nicotine

Question 3

Cholinergic inhibitor

Answer 3

Edrophonium
AChE receptor
For myasthenias graves 重症肌無力症

Neostigmine
Longer act of edrophonium

Echothiophate
Slower act
Treat glaucoma

Question 4

Anticholinergic

Majorly block muscarinic receptors

Answer 4

Motion sickness drugs
E.g. scopolamine

Gastrointestinal disorder
E.g. dicyclomine

Asthma
E.g. ipratropium

Question 5

Adrenoceptor / beta-adrenergic/ dopamine agonist

Answer 5

Alpha1 agonist
⬆️vascular constriction
⬆️BP
e.g. midodrine

Alpha2 agonist
⬇️vasoconstriction
⬇️ BP
e.g. clonidine

Beta1 agonist
⬆️contractility
E.g. dobutamine

Beta 2 agonist
Bronchodilation-) asthma
Albuterol

Beta 3 agonist
Less urine
E.g. mirabegron

D1 agonist
Smooth muscle relaxation for hypertension
Fenoldopam

D2 agonist
Parkinson
Bromoscriptine

Question 6

CNS drug

Answer 6

Hypnotic & anxiolytics 催眠抗焦慮
Schizophrenia & behavioural emergencies 精神分裂
Mood disorder 情緒障礙
Movement disorder 活動障礙
Anti-epileptics 抗癲癇
Migraine 偏頭痛
Anaesthetics 麻醉

Question 7

Hypnotics & anxiolytics

Answer 7

Benzodiazepines
Alprazolam
Melatonin receptor agonist
Ramelteon
Serotonin receptor agonist
Buspirone

Question 8

Schizophrenia & behavioural emergencies

Answer 8

Block serotonin receptors e.g. clozapine

Block dopamine receptors e.g. Chlopromazine

Question 9

Parkinson treatment
(⬇️ dopamine)

Answer 9

Levodopa to ⬆️dopamine
⬇️tremor by benztropin ( muscarinic receptor antagonist)

Question 10

Epilepsy treatment

Answer 10

Block sodium channel / open potassium channel to prevent more action potential

Serotonin agonist

Question 11

Migraine cause by low level of serotonin

Answer 11

Serotonin agonist

Question 12

Anaesthetics

Answer 12

Inhaled / IV / local anaesthetics

Question 13

Type of analgesics and anti inflammatory drug

Answer 13

NSAID

Paracetamol

Tremedol

Opioid

Question 14

NSAID mechanism

Answer 14

Inhibiting COX 1 / 2 enzyme which produce prostaglandins

E.g. aspirin

Question 15

Acetaminophen ( antinociceltive / antipyretic )

Answer 15

Antinociceptic -) block the detection of pain

Antipyretic reduce fever

Question 16

Opioid agonist

Answer 16

Morphine: severe pain treatment

Codein: cough medicine

Methadone: opioid use disorder treatment
Dependence develope slower than codein and morphine