L4

Question 1

Infectious disease in skin

Answer 1

Bacteria
Staphylococcus, streptococcus

Viral
Chickenpox, measles

Fungal
Athlete’s foot

Parasitic
Scabies

Question 2

Staphylococcus / streptococcus

Answer 2

Common microbiota on skin
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus aureus: produce toxin
Cause 1. Cutaneous infection
2. Staphylococcus scalded skin syndrome

Strepto: gram+

Question 3

Streptococcus infection ( virulence/ necrotic )

Answer 3

Virulence:
Hemolysins 溶血
Streptokinase （stop bloof frpm clotting）
Hyalironidase

Necrotic:
Flesh eating bacteria, mixture to s.aureus…

Question 4

Gram- sepsis gram+ sepsis

Answer 4

Gram- sepsis secretes endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide)
1. Severe drop of bp

Gram+
Common, secretes exotoxins

Question 5

Viral: chickenpox, measles, rubella, hand-foot-mouth disease

Answer 5

Chickenpox cause by varicella-zoster-virus
Shingles 生蛇 under weakened immunity

Measles
Extremely communicable
Cause by measles virus

Rubella (德國痲疹）
Cause by rubella virus
Cause teratogenic in early pregnancy

MMR VACCINE AGAINST CHICKENPOX, MEASLES, RUBELLA

Hand-foot-mouth disease
Cause by enteroviruses

Question 6

Fungi in skin

Answer 6

Athlete’s foot

Question 7

Parasites on skin

Answer 7

Scabies
Lay eggs in skin

Pediculosis 蛩

Question 8

Eye infection

Answer 8

Conjunctivities 結膜炎

Bacterial / viral

Question 9

Ear infection

Answer 9

Otitis media 中耳炎

Bacteria include
1. Streptococcus pneumonia
2. Staphylococcus aureus
3. Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 10

Respiratory infection

Answer 10

Streptococcal pharyngitis
Droplet transmission

Common cold
Rhinovirus ( nose)

Influenza
ssRNA virus

Pneumonia
Most common: streptococcus pneumoniae-) droplet

Tuberculosis
Cause by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Usually caught when bacteria arrive host by coughing droplet
No caught -) latent TB

Question 11

Infectious disease in digestive system

Answer 11

Salmonellosis 沙門氏菌
Food-borne illness

Escherichia coli gastroenteritis 腸胃炎
Enteropathogenic: cause Diarrhea
Entersaggregative: produce water poop toxin
Enterotoxingenic: toxin producing
Enterohemorrhagic: cause inflammation

1. Raw food
2. Contaminated fruit / water
3. Swimming in contaminated water

Cholera 霍亂
Cause by vibrio cholerae
Produce cholerae toxin
Transmitted by consumption of food & water contaminated with vibrio cholerae

Question 12

Nervous system disease

Answer 12

Meningitis 腦膜炎
streptococcus pneumoniae
Endotoxin of gram- bacteria

Tetanus 破傷風
Clostridium tetani
Gram+

Botulism
Cause by clostridium botulism
Gram+
Block release of acetylcholine

Rabies 瘋狗症
Fatal when reached cns
Long incubation period

Prion disease

Question 13

Immunological memory

Answer 13

First infection triggers the primary immune response

Cell die after infection cleared but memory T & B cell remains

Second exposure of same pathogen can be recognised by memory cell
(Fast & strong response)
Memory B cell-) plasma cell-) antibody producing
Memory T cell-) helper T cell / cytotoxic T cells (cell-killing cell)

Question 14

Primary immune response

Answer 14

First encounter to pathogen
No memory cell
Take 2-3 weeks
Low level antibody (IgM)
Produce memory cell

Question 15

Secondary immune response

Answer 15

Memory cell reaction faster
Higher level of antibody (IgG)

Question 16

Adaptive immunity

Answer 16

Naturally acquired
1. Active natural- body produce antibodies
2. Passive natural - antibody from mum to infant thru placenta or milk

Artificially acquired
1. Active artificial- vaccine introduce antigen, body produce antibodies
2. Passive aritificial- antibody in immune serum injected to body

Question 17

Vaccine & immunity

Answer 17

Artificial vaccine trigger primary immune response

Active: produce antibody + memory cells

Secondary immune response trigggered
1. Fast elimination of pathogens
2. Reduce disease severity.

Question 18

Live attenuates vaccine

Answer 18

Weaken pathogen
Lifelong immunity can be developed
Not for weak ppl

Question 19

Inactivated killed vaccine

Answer 19

Made of dead pathogen

Safer

Not strong enough may need second booster

Question 20

Subunits vaccine

Answer 20

Partial amount of pathogen

Question 21

Nuclei acid vaccine

Answer 21

Use host cell to produce viral to trigger immune response