L8- Substance misuse

Question 1

definition of substance misuse

Answer 1

refers to the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs. Psychoactive substance use can lead to dependence syndrome- a cluster of behavioural, cognitive and physiological phenomena that develop after repeated substance use and that typically include a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling its use, persisting in its use despite harmful consequences, a high priority given to drug use than other activities and obligations, increased tolerance, and sometimes a physical withdrawal state

Question 2

types of substances

Answer 2

stimulants

hallucinogens

depressants

Question 3

stimulants make you feel

Answer 3

feel more alert and like you have more energy and confidence.

Question 4

example of stimulants

Answer 4

tobacco, cocaine, amphetamine (speed) and mephedrone

Question 5

hallucinogens are described as

Answer 5

as ‘mind- altering’ as they can change/impact your perceptions, mood and your senses.

Question 6

examples of hallucinogens

Answer 6

include LSD and magic mushrooms (note that sometimes drugs have mixed effects – ecstasy for example is sometimes described as a stimulant hallucinogen).

Question 7

depressants make you feel

Answer 7

relaxes

Question 8

depressants incude

Answer 8

Examples include alcohol, heroin, tranquillisers and cannabis.

Question 9

drinking highest in those who earn

Answer 9

> 40,000/year

Question 10

the cheaper the alcohol

Answer 10

the more people drink

Question 11

how many adults aged between 16-59 having used drugs in the last year

Answer 11

1 in 12 (8.5%)

Question 12

how many young people ages 16-24 report use in the last year and last month

Answer 12

• 1 in 5 (19.2%) of and 1 in 11 (9%) in the last month

Question 13

how many adults report having used drugs in their lifetime

Answer 13

34.2%

Question 14

how many adults have alcohol dependency

Answer 14

595,131

Question 15

dependence can be

Answer 15

physical or posychological

Question 16

physical dependence relates to

Answer 16

experiencing symptoms associated with withdrawal

Question 17

psychological dependence relates to having

Answer 17

impaired control

Question 18

how can dependence be described (2)

Answer 18

1) ICD-10

2) DSM

Question 19

ICD-10

Answer 19

a diagnostic guidline

A cluster of physiological, behavioural, and cognitive phenomena in which the use of a substance or a class of substances takes on a much higher priority for a given individual than other behaviours that once had greater value. A central descriptive characteristic of the dependence syndrome is the desire (often strong, sometimes overpowering) to take psychoactive drugs (which may or may not have been medically prescribed), alcohol, or tobacco. There may be evidence that return to substance use after a period of abstinence leads to a more rapid reappearance of other features of the syndrome than occurs with nondependent individual.

Question 20

DSM

Answer 20

overlaps with ICD-10 (quite similar)

Question 21

Audit- C

Answer 21

screens for at risk populations

Question 22

risk factors for drug use

Answer 22

• family life (neglects, drug use and abuse)
• mental health
• employment and educational attainment
• social group
• previous drug use
• biology

Question 23

use of drugs one early life

Answer 23

been shown to increase likelihood of going on to have problematic use

Question 24

adverse childhood experiences ACE

Answer 24

Massive risk factor for drug and alcohol abuse

 14% of pop will have some ACEs

Question 25

ACE exapmples

Answer 25

Maltreatment

Childhood household including specific factors

Question 26

maltreatment

Answer 26

1) verbal abuse
2) physical abuse
3) sepal abuse

Question 27

Childhood household including specific factors

Answer 27

• parental separation
• domestic violence
• mental illness
• alcohol abuse
• drug abuse
• incarceration

Question 28

theories of dependence

Answer 28

1) Learning theory
2) imitation theory
3) rational choice theory

Question 29

learning theory and dependence

Answer 29

Learned associations between positive and negative reinforcement

Question 30

learning theory: classical conditioning models

Answer 30

Drug dependence arises from environmental effects paired with a drug effect.

• unconditional stimulus
• conditional stimulus

Question 31

unconditional stimulus

Answer 31

stimulus such as falling blood alcohol levels leads to an unconditional response such as having withdrawal symptoms

Question 32

conditional stimulus

Answer 32

• e.g. sight of a needle or the smell of fav drinks- paired with an unconditional stimulus like falling blood alcohol levels

Question 33

dependence enad imitation theories

Answer 33

A social learning theory (Bandura): learning through observation and listening to others- our behaviours and decision making is developed through what we observe in peers and in our role models.

• modeling
• expectation
• self-efficacy

Question 34

modleing

Answer 34

Risk of developing drug use issues is increased if you see others around you participating in this behaviour.

Question 35

expectation

Answer 35

: A positive reward makes drug use more likely. This can include early connections between behaviours and perceived rewards – for example we might see a parent come home from work stressed and then use alcohol to relax. Conversely a negative experience will promote avoidance

Question 36

self-efficacy

Answer 36

How you view your ability to abstain or deal with situations impacts on behaviour.

Question 37

imitation theories and CBT

Answer 37

reduces expectation of a positive reward and develops self-efficacy

Question 38

imitation theories and twelve step programme

Answer 38

positive role models and promotes coping skills

Question 39

rational choice theories and dependence

Answer 39

Dependency involves making rational choices that favours the benefits of dependence over the costs. Individuals are motivated by their ‘preferences’ which are their wants or gaols.

Question 40

theory of rational addictions

Answer 40

• An economic model that applies economic concepts to addiction/dependence
• Makes a distinction between harmful and beneficial addictions – a harmful addiction or dependence has a negative impact on an individuals resources
• People who are dependent/addicted make ‘utility maximising decisions’ about whether or not to take a substance and they take into account how their current use impacts on the future
• People who ‘discount’ the future more are more likely to become addicted
• People with dependence are seen as rational consumers, they behave in away that aims to maximise their preferences
• Making drugs more costly (in all ways, not just financial) would lead to reduced drug use