L11- Prevention and health promotion Flashcards
prevention is better than
cure
healthy population =
healthy working population
prevention is an important part of the
NHS long term plan
better for people to live longer without
chronic conditions
- how we will sustain our healthy and social care systems!
individuals dont
engage well with prevention
e.g. a pill is easier than exercise every day
example of legislative cganges (brings biggest change and value for money)
e.g. banning smoking in public places, sugar tax etc —> bring about the biggest change, best value for money
sociological model of prevention (A lens for prevention) looks at
Indiviudals and behaviour change
wider social network and culture
institutions and organisation e.g. schools
community
structure and systems
individuals and behaviour change
- Individual attitudes
- Beliefs
- Knowledge
- Behaviours
wider social net work and culture (interpersonal)
- Individual relationships
- Support groups
- Social networks
- Cultural context
institutions and organisations
- Schools
- Health care administration
- Businesses
- Faith based organisation
- institutions
local community
• Relationships and communications between organisation and institutions
structures and systems
• National, local, law, built environment e.g. public works and infrastructures
In the UK we spend too much money on medication and tertiary prevention, we need to spend more money on
primordial prevention
levels of prevention
1) Primordial
2) Primary prevention
3) Secondary prevention
4) Tertiary prevention
primordial
- Concerned with avoiding the emergence and establishment of the social, economic and cultural patterns of living that are known to contribute to an elevated risk of disease
- It involves intervention that are applied at population level to influence or affect individuals
primary
- Concerned with preventing the onset of pathological changes
- It involves interventions that are applied before there is pathology
- E.g. vaccination, smoking cessation, physical fitness, road safety
secondary
• Concerned with detecting a disease in its earliest stages, before symptoms appear, an intervening top slow or stop its progression i.e. catch it early
• The assumption is that earlier intervention will be more effective, and that this disease can be slowed or revered
o e.g. screening and risk prediction’’
tertiary
(we want to avoid due to cost to NHS and patient)
• Concerned with arresting the progress of an established disease and to control its negative consequences
o To lessen impairment (inc recurrence)
o To reduce disability and handicap
o To minimise suffering caused by existing departures from good health
o To promote the patient adjustment to irremediably conditions i.e. minimise the consequences
definition of health promotion
the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health
to reach a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.
types of health promotion
universal or targeted
universal approaches
aim to reduce risk across the whole population e.g. sugar tax
targeted approaches
aim to identify those most at risk and then tailor messages and approaches to that group or groups e.g. breast feeding initiatives in young mums
advantages and disadvantages of health promotion
- Where a risk factor is common the universal approaches are likely to see a bigger impact
- BUT the harm paradox is an issue- where population is affected but individual risk for many is not and this then affects perceived credibility
- Targeted approaches can be tailors to need and to specific communities
- BUT it can assume that groups are homogenous, can lead to culture blaming and broader health issues might be neglected
Ottawa Charter- health promotion action means
- Building Healthy Public Policy - joint working across sectors, fiscal and wider policy, recognition of the role of public policy in health
- Creating Supportive Environments - the role of work and leisure, protecting the natural and built environment
- Strengthening community actions - empowering communities, strengthening public participation and access to opportunities
- Developing personal skills - providing access to information and education for health, enhancing life skills and enabling people to make choices and be in control of their health
- Re-orientating health services - health services as health promoting, wider and holistic focus on the individual
- Moving into the future - addressing ecological issues, seeing health as an investment, promoting equity
models for health promotion
health persuasion e.g. a doctor advising a pregnant women to stop smoking
legislative action e.g. ban on smoking in public places
personal counselling e.g. counselling for someone with alcohol problems
community development e.g. times to change campaign developed by local champions
strategies for health promotion
1) macrolevel
2) community development
3) health communication
macrolevel
policy, legislation and system change
macrolevel: social policy
• Local, national or international culture and policy e.g. smoking ban in public
macrolevel: fiscal approaches
• Taxation or other approaches to discourage harmful behaviour e.g. tax on cigs and alcohol
macrolevel: bans and restrictions
• Reducing availability, using legal powers, restricting use in certain settings e.g. making substances illicit, restricting ales on alcohol and cigarettes
community devlopment
- participation
- communication action
- facilitation
- interface
- strategy
health communication
For health related info and communication to be understood it needs to be:
- Received
- Understood
- Change attitude or belief
- Stimulate behavioural changes
