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ACE CPT > L8: Skeletal, Muscular and Nervous Systems > Flashcards

L8: Skeletal, Muscular and Nervous Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

How many bones does the body have?

A

206 bones.

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2
Q

What is the function of the skeleton

A
  • Provides protection for body’s organs

- Storehouse for calcium and phosphorous, fat, sodium, potassium and other minerals

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3
Q

Bones are static structures.

A

FALSE. They are constantly breaking down to release minerals and other substances into the blood, while simultaneously rebuilding to provide the body with flexible yet sturdy structural support.

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4
Q

What are the various shapes of bones?

A

Long: Long axis
Short: Bones that are approx same length and width
Flat: Thin and typically curved
Irregular: Anything that doesn’t fit into the first three categories

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5
Q

What does the cortical bone do?

A

Makes up 75% of the skeleton, provides strength, tendon attachment sites for muscles, and organ protection.

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6
Q

What does the trabecular bone do?

A

Makes up 25% of the skeleton

  1. Provides large surface area for mineral exchange
  2. Maintain skeletal strength and integrity
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7
Q

What does the remodeling process do for bone health?

A
  1. Repairs damage to the skeleton that can result from repeated stresses. Prevents accumulation of too much old bone, which can lose its resilience and become brittle.
  2. Removes calcium and phosphorous from the bone when these minerals are deficient in the diet/during pregnancy and lactation.
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8
Q

What does articulation in the skeleton mean?

A

When two bones meet at a junction, they are said to articulate with each other. Three main types of joints: fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial.

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9
Q

What is the most common type of joint?

A

Synovial joint, which is freely movable. Traits: articular cartilage, articular capsule, synovial membrane, and synovial fluid.

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10
Q

What do the medial and lateral meniscus do?

A

They absorb shock in the knee, increase joint stability, direct synovial fluid to aid in nourishment of the knee, and increase joint contact surface area, decreasing overall pressure on the joint.

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11
Q

What are uniaxial joints and examples of them?

A

“Hinge” joints that can only allow movement in one plane. Examples are ankles and elbows.

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12
Q

What are biplanar/biaxial joints and examples of them?

A

Joints that allow movements in two planes that are perpendicular to each other. Examples are knees, hands, foot, and wrist.

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13
Q

What are multiplanar/triaxial joints?

A

Allows movements in three planes. Examples are hip, thumb, shoulder.

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14
Q

What is the meaning of flexion?

A

When bones comprising a joint move toward each other, reducing the angle between them. e.g. Forearm moving towards bicep.

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15
Q

What is the meaning of extension?

A

When bones comprising a joint move away from each other, increasing the angle between then. e.g. extending calf away from thigh.

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16
Q

What is the meaning of abduction?

A

When a part of the body moves away from the midline of the body, e.g. lifting an arm or leg away from the side of the body.

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17
Q

What is the meaning of adduction?

A

When a body part moves towards the midline of the body, such as lowering the arm of leg from an adducted position back towards the body.

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18
Q

What is the overall function of the nervous system?

A

Collect information, store information and controls various bodily systems in response to the input to fulfil specific needs. Separated into Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System.

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19
Q

What does the afferent (sensory) division of the PNS do?

A

Afferent division carries nerve impulses to the CNS from receptors located in the skin, fasciae, joints and visceral organs.

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20
Q

What does the efferent (motor) division of the PNS do?

A

Efferent division handles outgoing information and can further divided into somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

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21
Q

What does the sympathetic division of the automatic nervous system do?

A

(Fight or flight) Affects nearly every organ to enable the body to stop storing energy and mobilize all resources to respond to the stressful event or activity.

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22
Q

What does the parasympathetic division of the automatic nervous system do?

A

Aids in controlling normal functions when the body is relaxed; aids in digesting food, storing energy and promoting growth.

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23
Q

What does the neuron (nerve cell) comprise of?

A

A cell body (soma), 1 axon, but can have hundreds of dendrites. Axon transmits electrical signals away from the cell body, and dendrites conduct electrical impulses toward the cell body.

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24
Q

What is the function of GTO (Golgi tendon organ)?

A

When it senses muscle contraction, to cause inhibition of the contraction (autogenic inhibition). This in turn, allows the muscle to relax, resulting in the antagonistic muscle working.

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25
Q

What is the function of muscle spindle?

A

The muscle spindle is stretch receptors within the body of a muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of the muscle. When a muscle spindle is stretched and the stretch reflex is activated, the opposing muscle group must be inhibited to prevent it from working against the contraction of the homonymous muscle.

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26
Q

What are the different types of muscle tissue?

A

Voluntary and involuntary categories.

  1. Skeletal muscle (voluntary): Attaches to the skeleton, through contraction, exerts force on the bones and moves them. Under conscious control of individual.
  2. Smooth muscle (involuntary): Found in walls of hollow organs and tubes (e.g. stomach, intestines). Serves to regulate the movement of materials through the body.
  3. Cardiac muscle (involuntary): Specialised tissue that functions to regulate heart pumping.
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27
Q

What is the function of a tendon?

A

The function of a tendon is to attach the muscle to the bones.

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28
Q

What is a tendon of origin?

A

The tendon of origin is usually attached to the proximal bone of a joint, typically the less mobile of the two bones that make up the joint.

29
Q

What is a tendon of insertion?

A

The tendon of insertion is usually attached to the more distal bone of a joint, the more mobile of the two bones that make up the joint.

30
Q

How do skeletal muscles perform their function?

A

Skeletal muscles perform their function by pulling on bones to create join movement.

  • Muscle contracts: Origin & Insertion attachments move closer together
  • Muscle stretches: Origin & Insertion attachments move further apart
31
Q

What is the difference between agonist muscle (prime mover) and antagonist (opposing muscle)?

A

A muscle that creates a major movement. For example, when the quads contract to extend the knee, it is considered the agonist muscle. The hamstrings (on the opposite of the joint) are called the antagonist muscle, and are being stretched.

32
Q

What are the characteristics of slow-twitch fibers?

A
  • Contain relatively large amounts of mitochondria
  • Contain higher concentrations of myoglobin
  • Resistant to fatigue
  • Capable of sustaining aerobic metabolism
  • Lower force output
  • More efficient than fast-twitch fibers
33
Q

What are the largest and fastest fibers?

A

Type IIx. Capable of producing the most force of all the skeletal muscle fibers. (strength & power)

34
Q

Which fibers are most adaptable?

A

Type IIa. With endurance training, they can increase their oxidative capacity to levels similar to those observed in slow-twitch fibers.

35
Q

What are the factors that influence percentage of specific fiber types in skeletal muscle?

A

Genetics, hormones, activity and exercise habits of the individual.

36
Q

Where does the energy to contract a muscle fiber come from?

A

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

37
Q

When does muscle contraction occur?

A

When the brain and spinal cord direct motor neurons to release a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction …….. with the objective of shortening the sarcomeres, which causes the contraction of the muscle fiber. When multiple muscle fibers contract, the entire muscle will contract in return.

38
Q

What are the criteria used in the naming of muscles?

A
  • Shape
  • Action
  • Location
  • Attachments
  • Number of divisions, e.g. triceps brachii (3 heads)
  • Size relationships, e.g. gluteus maximus>gluteus minimus.
39
Q

What is connective tissue and its function?

A

Connective tissue is the material between the cells of the body that give tissues form and strength. This cellular glue also delivers nutrients to the tissue. It is made up of dozens of protein, including collagen.
Mainly: Tendons, Ligaments and Fasciae.

40
Q

What are the physical properties of collagen?

A
  1. Tensile strength - Limit motion
  2. Relative inextensibility - Resist stretch
    It has a banded/striated structure, much like the pattern observed in muscle tissue.
    Collagen provides the rigidity that limits the deformations of the elastic elements.
41
Q

What are elastic fibers?

A

Elastic fibers are responsible for determining the possible range of extensibility of muscle cells. The role is to disseminate mechanical stress, enhance coordination, maintain tone during muscular relaxation. defend against excessive forces and assisting organs in returning to their undeformed state once all forces have been removed.

42
Q

What’s the maximum that collagen and elastic fibers can stretch to before rupturing?

A

Collagen: 3%

Elastic fibers: 150%

43
Q

What are the functions of tendons, ligaments and fasciae?

A

Tendons: Connect muscles to bone. Transmits force from muscle to bone, thereby producing motion.
Ligaments: Supports a joint by attaching bone to bone.
Deep fascia: Related to flexibility and range of motion. 1) Provides framework that ensures proper alignment of muscle fibers, blood vessels and nerves. 2) Enables safe and effective transmission of forces throughout the whole muscle. 3) Provides necessary lubricated surfaces between muscle fibers that allow muscles to change shape during contraction and elongation.

44
Q

What are the factors that contribute to flexibility?

A
  1. Muscle

2. Connective tissue

45
Q

What are the contributions of soft tissues to the total resistance encountered by the joint during movement during its ROM?

A
  • (Ligaments) Joint capsule - 47%
  • (Fascia) Muscle - 41%
  • Tendons - 10%
  • Skin - 2%
46
Q

How do we lengthen a muscle fiber?

A

An external force must act upon it.

  • Active stretch: Gravity, momentum, antagonistic muscle contractions
  • Passive stretch: Force provided by another person or one’s own body
47
Q

How to stretch effectively without risking injury?

A

Muscle length will be 50-67% more than resting length, which allows movement through wide ranges of motion.

48
Q

What is progressive atrophy of muscle tissue?

A

Loss in size and number of muscle fibers. These are replaced by fatty and fibrous (collagen) tissue. Collagen contributes to stiffening and decreased mobility of muscle. In addition, the water content of adults diminishes due to the aging process.

49
Q

How do we minimise atrophy?

A
  1. Resistance training: Increase tensile strength of tendons and ligaments
  2. Stretching exercises: Maintains suppleness of tendons, ligaments and muscles
50
Q

How does increasing the intramuscular temperature of the body prior to stretching help?

A

Enhances the ability of collagen and elastin components to deform and ability of GTOs to reflexively relax through antogenic inhibition. (103 degrees F/39 degrees C) is optimal.

51
Q

What is the objective of a cool down?

A

The objective of a cool down is to promote removal of metabolic waste products, facilitate muscular relaxation, reduce muscle soreness and allow the cardiovascular system to adjust to reduced demand.

52
Q

When should a program to increase flexibility for the spine happen?

A

Later in the day as ROM increases. In the morning, the spine will feel stiff due to overnight osmosis of fluids into the cartilaginous disks located between the vertebrae.

53
Q

Which muscles arise from the axial skeleton and have no attachments on the scapulae?

A

Pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi.

54
Q

Which muscles make up the rotator cuff?

A
  1. Supraspinatus - assists deltoid in abduction of arm
  2. Infraspinatus - works with teres minor to hold head of humerus in the glenoid cavity in addition to externally rotating it
  3. Subscapularis- stabilise shoulder joint and acts as medial rotator of the arm
  4. Teres minor
55
Q

Which is the most important and powerful extensor muscle of the humerus?

A

Latissimus dorsi (mid-lower back). Acts to adduct and internally rotate the humerus (arm bone).

56
Q

Where do the actions of the elbow joint originate from?

A

Comes from contractions of muscles located in the upper arm. Biceps + triceps are responsible for the most powerful forearm movements.

57
Q

What do the biceps brachii assist in flexing?

A
  • Strong flexor of the elbow

- Weak flexor of the shoulder due to scapular attachments

58
Q

What is the muscle that primarily extends the elbow?

A

Triceps brachii. Triceps brachii is also a weak extensor of the shoulder.

59
Q

What are the muscles that support, stabilize and move the spine?

A

Muscles in the abdominal wall, and the muscles on the posterior surface of spine (erector spinae & multifidi)

60
Q

What is the deepest muscle of the abdominal wall?

A

The transverse abdominis, which compresses the abdominal cavity, stabilizes the lumbar and pelvic regions, and assists in forced expiration. Contraction “sucks in the gut”.

61
Q

What is the difference between upper limb and lower limb muscles?

A

Upper limb: Somewhat less movement, but relatively more strength and stability. Pelvis is fully supported by the skeleton whereas upper body relies more on soft tissue structures for stability and strength.

62
Q

Which muscle from the quadriceps femoris muscle group acts both at the hip and the knee?

A

The rectus femoris. It produces flexion at the hip and extension at the knee.

63
Q

What are the functions of the posterior muscles?

A

Mainly to extend the hip and externally rotate the femur (thigh bone).

64
Q

What is the function of gluteus medius and minimus in walking?

A

As the weight of the body is suspended on one leg, these muscles prevent the opposite hip from sagging. Can be strengthened through ageing by doing exercises that involve transference of weight from one foot to another.

65
Q

What is fiber hypertrophy and fiber hyperplasia?

A

Fiber hypertrophy: Structural changes in existing individual muscle fibers
Fiber hyperplasia: Increase in the number of muscle fibers

66
Q

What is muscle fiber hypertrophy the result of?

A
  • Increased number of myofibrils
  • Greater number of actin and myosin filaments
  • More sarcoplasm
  • More connective tissue
  • Increase in muscle protein synthesis due to resistance training appears to be the mechanism responsible for fiber hypertrophy.
    Carb + Protein loading in the presence of testosterone post-exercise aids in synthesis.
67
Q

What is more effective in muscle fiber hypertrophy? Eccentric or concentric movements?

A

Eccentric (slow release down) combined with high-velocity training promote greater increases in hypertrophy.

68
Q

How does muscle fiber hyperplasia happen?

A

Individual muscle fibers may have the capacity to split into two daughter cells. Stress to the muscle in terms of stretch, injury, intense training etc can stimulate satellite cells (stem cells involved in generating new fibers) to produce new fibers.

69
Q

How to increase testosterone levels and growth hormone levels through resistance training?

A
  • Testosterone: High resistance 85-95% 1RM is used, multiple sets or multiple exercises are performed, or short rest intervals of 30-60s
  • Growth hormone: High intensity 10 RM or heavier exercises are performed for multiple sets for short rest period (e.g. 60s)

ACE CPT (9 decks)

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