L8: Jannes water infrastructure governance Flashcards
What was the bottleneck with the Feyenoord brige?
It needed to be renovated or expanded, but it’s also heritage and protected by legislation. You can’t change the outlook too much. There also is only money to renovate the bridge. Not to expand it or anything.
What are the two separated worlds
Development: urban development, regional development. Housing in the Feyenoord case. Place of bridge in the grander scheme.
And
maintenance / operation. People who are very much concerned with the bridge. Very focused on engineering.
Explain components of infrastructure according to Star, 1999
Embeddedness (provide connection to existing other infrastructures), transparency, learned as part of membership, links with conventions of practice, embodiment of standards, built on an installed base (based on something that is already there. Not built it from scratch. ), becomes visible upon breakdown (when there is something wrong it says something to us. kind of depoliticized.).
Reach: very wide not connected to once site, but goes much further
How does path dependency relate to ‘built on an installed base’?
choices in the past lead to infrastructure. You don’t build it from scratch, since there are already other networks somewhere.
How is infrastructure a past component of the future? relate this to four aspects
We build to make it for a longer time.
Rigid: we cannot quickly change it as much as possible
Intert to change: it’s there to stay for a while
Sunk costs: expensive to expand new infra
Vested interests: big interests. parties have invested in it for a long time.
Increased returns: the more you make investments, the more difficult it becomes more difficult to switch pathways.
Explain the infrastructure lifecycle.
After a infrastructure has been built it goes into a phase of stagnation. It will not grow anymore. Mainly see quality improvements –> renewal of the system –> systems building and establishment and then –> system expansion and momentum.
What is the critical juncture and how can it be a window of opportunity?
social-institutional and physical system. Opportunity for change: reproduction or change. NEeds to be balance between both.
Social action is embedded in an institutional setting. Name the two types of rulings
Formal: juridical responsibility
Informal: values and norms
Explain how actors think aobut insititutions.
People act like institutions are things that are just out there and cannot be changed. They can be changed by us as a society though:
- Institutions only gain meaning if they are renacted and re eanacted by actors
- Actors can create and recreate institutions, which offers the possibility of institutional (re-)design. They are created by us.
Why do institutions play out differently across space and time?
Because interpretations and performances differ across different countries. Also in the 80s/90s they were looked at completely differently then now.
Explain the scheme from Sorensen, 2010: 281.
T = 1: initial conditions. SO the established institutional setting.
T = 2: critical juncture: so the renewal of a waterway or road infrastructure
T = 3: Institutional response: so what do we do? reproduction or complete change?
Explain the New insititutional economics perspective.
humans, rationally driven, logics of instrumentality, effeciecny
Explain the Socio-constructionists institutionalism
cultural significers. appropiateness, values
Difference between mechanism of rproduction and mechanism of change from New institutional economic perspective and social constructs approach
reproduction: Rational cost benefit analysis (NIE)
Change: (NIE) new insights –> new tradeoffs: challenging instrumentality
SCN: reproduction: reconforming appropriateness
SCN: change: changes in the values of actors.
Explain the Dutch waterway case in short.
Many levels of governmetn working together. Rijk has a different focus than province or municipality. Many navigation locks require renewal before 2040.
What discourses did Willems find? Explain them.
Technical discourse: defining renewal: keeping up current functionality. If regular maintenance and operation are not sufficient. Separate renewal and renovation: executed in an ad hoc manner. Engineers with technical reports.
Technical discourse 2.0: locks are designed in a different way. Engineering is not enough. Different soluytions for similar problems: more maintenance friendly, relaible navigation locks in a sustainable manner. So standardisation.
Financial discourse: money was going towards renewal projects. allocation of money. financial guidelines if you wanna get money for renewal. Still focused on functionality. Renewal is not politically controversial: it can be though.
major challenge. would be a shame if we could just upkeep the functionality. We want to do more for upcoming decade. New functionality? What do we need to do if we want to change things. System shifts and the incorporation of new functionalities. Connections or synergies with other forms of land uses nearby.
Functional discourse. Broader perspective. More functional, spatial discussions. makes it also more political and contested. appealing discourse for many parties. Start looking at the whole watersystem. At the context. Everybody is involved. Very political but also about the functionality.
Where do we position the three discourses if we look at construction/development, renewal and operation & maintenance?
Construction/ development: functional discourse
Renewal: financial discourse but also operational and maintenance side
Operation and maintenance: technical discourse
What discourse is the most prominent?
Technical discourse, but the financial and functional discourse are sort of getting on top of the technical discourse as layers. They are also functional relational than functional.
How to move more towards more open exploring styles in the development / execution phase?
In the development phase:
* policy makers should challenge operator
* operator creates conditions
In Execution phase:
* operator in the lead
* creating public value within scope.
What is the essence of the learning system figure? What is learning system I and II
Basically about when something needs to be renewed, do you want to renew it one to one and replace what was there or also combine it with other challenges?
Learning system I:”one to one replacement’. Learning system two: integrative renewal.
Asset: mainly technical exercise –> implement it? connection with regional development and plans.
What is a key of the harbor port development part about development goals?
Waterways development and spatial development are completely detached from each other.
Explain Decoupled and coupled systems in relation to the ports?
more urban actors and more port actors. It can be coupled or decoupled.
Three different reciprocal coupling processes: tactical, strategic, and structural. Explain these
Strategic coupling: the process of matching local assets with global network demands
Tactical coupling: the success of strategy is closely aligned with the employment of tactics. Thus, in order to achieve strategic couplings, coalitions or actors within coalitions employ tactics that serve the overall strategy.
Structural coupling: a profound change of the very nature or essence of the interacting
entities (chemical formulae, actors, assets, institutions, societies and economies) involved
and can be considered a systemic outcome, or what planning theorists refer to as an
‘undefined becoming → various ‘subsystems’ become connected, accumulate strength and
accelerate towards a new equilibrium without any over-arching authority governing this
process
specific characteristics of infrastructural asset management:
- assets have a very long lifespan of 50-100 years
- assets have no resale value
- infrastructural systems are evolutionary systems
- effective asset management should fulfil a strategic role
Four styles of public asset management:
- Monofunctional asset management: the asset manager realizes the main function of its
assets and manages them with only an eye on the principle core function of the asset - Integrated asset management: the asset manager realizes an integral approach of its assets,
and manages them with this integral approach in mind - Accommodating asset management: the asset manager realizes the main function of its
assets but is open to accommodate other functions as well. Its focus is beyond its own assets
and on a regional system or national perspective. - Learning asset management: the asset manager is open for a broad, inclusive development
of his assets, invites stakeholders to participate, intertwine other functions and to manage,
explore and develop the system jointly. Its focus is beyond its own assets and on regional,
system or national perspectives
