L7: Network perspective: added value creation in waterway development

Question 1

Describe the phases of waterway development

Answer 1

Phase 1: establishment. Historic picture is important.  started with old lakers which started because of peat extraction. Energy landscape. There were sluices but they are old.

Phase 2: rapid expansion: republic then kingdom. Napoleon’s influence. Canals is the way to go on for the Netherlands.

Phase 3: maturity: system nowadays is completely controlled.

Phase 4: reconsideration: old blocks can break. Canal could not be used for several months. They are important socio-economic factors. Costs a lot of money if something breaks.

Question 2

How did the waterway network in the Netherlands emerge?

Answer 2

Ecological network were increaslingly brought under human control. In the 19th and 20th centuries this controlw as extended to the national level. The canal boom of the 19th century initially served the Dutch harbours and their connection to Germany, but by 1900 a national integrated system of waterways had been built”.

Question 3

Jos mentionted: isntead of plan do check act. also check act plan do. What was the essence of this message?

Answer 3

That planning is also about maintaining a landscape or area as it is now. Infrastructure is ageing. Keeping the quality of exisiting functions to a high standard. Adjust it to new times.

Question 4

Road and water networks are almost completed. In times of crisis what does this lead to?

Answer 4

Less focus on new or enlargement projects. Redevelopment is a big issue.

Question 5

Explain some contemporary issues that have an influence on the development of waterways

Answer 5

• new strategic projects are developed
• New forms of fuel
• Robotics, economies of scale.

Question 6

What happened in 1929 that really influenced infrastructure in America?

Answer 6

Wallstreet crash: money was bankrupt. Inflation was enormous. Socio-economic crisis. – ‘New Deal’ of Roosevelt  enormous infrastructure works. Enormous dams. Not only infrastructure but thinking: who is building this, can we stimulate local economy. What does it mean for fishery? – Quite integrated policy.

Question 7

What is a big difference between water and road infrastructure

Answer 7

Water infrastructure has many, many functions. more than road infrastructure which is only focused on mobility and accessibility.

Question 8

What then are some of the functions of waterinfrastructure?

Answer 8

• Recreation
• Irrigation
• Drinking water
• Nature
• Religious: rivers that are holy.
• Defense
• Cooling water
• Industry
  And many many more

Question 9

Explain the EU framework directive of water

Answer 9

Area where a river gets its water from: this area should be governed. All these chains that it has effects on. Rivers are shared with many other countries too.

Question 10

Difference Rhine and Danube?

Answer 10

Iron curtain: east: sovjet union. West: western Europe. Rhine lots of small companies innovative. Only big companies dealing with shipping along east. Danube is very new but not that deep. Flow is not that quick. Difficult to navigate.

Question 11

Shift from New Public Management to Public Value Management. What did this mean for water infrastructure?

Answer 11

THe infrasatructure is aging and in need of replacement, while at the same time external developments such as new uses, changing spatial context, climate change, demand novel set ups of the system.

Question 12

How does a phase of renewal provide a window of opportunity in water infrastructure development?

Answer 12

It provides opportunities to reconsider the system and explore new pathways.

Question 13

What is infrastructure asset management?

Answer 13

combination of management, financial, economic, engineering an dother practices aplied to physical assets with the ojbective of providing the best value level of service for the costs involved.

It includes the management of the entire life cycle - including design, construction, commissioning, operating, maintaining, repairing, modifying, replacing and decommissioning/disposal – of physical and infrastructure assets

Question 14

What then is integrated water resources management?

Answer 14

A process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources in order to maximize economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems.

Question 15

What shapes does value take on?

Answer 15

functional effectiveness of the design
spectrum of functions included
esteem value: design aesthetics
esteem value: symbolic value
value in time: life cycle cost optimization
value in time: build-in flexibility (preparing for uncertainties)

Question 16

What are cost elements of cooperative arrangements?

Answer 16

Exploring and evaluation cooperative options.
Preparing, crafting, negotiating an agreement.
Inter-agency coordination: local representation, preparing and attending meetings, communicating.
Intra-agency coordination: communicating, administrating, and addressing partnership issues internally.
Education and training related to the cooperation.
Monitoring interagency issues.
Transaction enforcement (e.g. dispute resolution, litigation, financial hostage).
Activities to build trust.

Question 17

What are benefits of cooperative arrangements?

Answer 17

Joint assets value surplus.
Joint surplus of complementary skills, routines and capabilities.
Cooperative use of asset x increasing pay-off generated through asset y.
Economies of scope.
Economies of scale.
Level of trust.

Question 18

What are conditions for creating value from cooperation?

Answer 18

1 benefits can be captured
2 costs < benefits
3 Nett benefits are preferred over BATNA: negotiation but other person has alternative  negotiation is difficult. If someone can do it in another cheaper way it’s difficult to convince them.

Question 19

What is a dilemma within the ‘costs of governance’ with projects and making project bigger or not?

Answer 19

if we collaborate better. Societal benefits increase. But if we put all functions in project the added value becomes less. Externalities will also become less. Coordination costs increase greatly. It thus always is a dilemma of what to integrate and what not to.

Question 20

What 5 institutional barriers do we need to take into account?

Answer 20

Practical & Technological (PT)
Physical and technological roadblocks

Legal (L)
Competency of regulations and legislative frameworks

Financial (F)
Availability and distribution of funding

Institutional and Territorial (IT)
Conflict between and within organizational and operational boundaries

Political and Cultural (PC)
Framing and perception issues, acceptability and awareness in professions

Question 21

MOst important conclusions from the lecture?

Answer 21

Infrastructure planning shifts more and more from infrastructure provision towards infrastructure management

We have to manage this network in a world that becomes more and more fragmented along institutional barriers

Ageing water infra is a window of opportunityinfra re-development?

Cooperation can be a value but think about wheter it’s a value or not and why.

Question 22

Jos talks about Asset management from RAMS to RAMSSHEEP. What does this mean?

Answer 22

From Reliability, availability, maintainability and safety to
RAMSSHEEP: RAMS + Security, Health, Environment, Economics Politics.

Question 23

What is the vulnerability paradox?

Answer 23

We are reliable on networks, therefore society builds on their well functioning. Thisl eads to bigger implications when an infrastructure malfunctions.

Question 24

What are dynamic nodes?

Answer 24

Nodes interconnecting multiple network technologies, such as harbours, airports or
cities, have been identified as crucial drivers of overall network dynamics.

Question 25

What has affected network dynamics in the Netherlands acoording to the article of Verbong / van der vleuten?

Answer 25

Interaction between several networks, which may take the form of competition or co-operation. Existence and development of gas supply networks affected development of electricity supply.

Question 26

In maintaining, rebuilding or revising infrastructure projects, a wide
variety of pathways to implementation is possible. What can happen?

Answer 26

• variations in time, space and the actors
• focus on value does not come naturally for public entities
• Public agencies are bound to deliver projects within the legal context, achieving a preagreed level of service for minimum costs
• Transation costs

Question 27

Name and explain the three distinct elements of the transaction cost/value model to infrastructure devleopment.

Answer 27

Organization: the inter-organizational links between Org. A and B can take several forms
depending on the governance structure chosen.

Product design:
 the fundamental difference between a public agency and a firm is that, once again,
the agency can only direct its resources to the functionalities
 perceived value of the product is also often referred to as esteem value
 apart from the functionality and physical or spatial aspects of the design, the
dimension of time is a second determining factor

Claiming and capturing value: The creation of value, either by smart governance structures or
by design methodologies or choices, is only of use for a contributing organization if this value
can be claimed or captured