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BIOLOGY > L8: DNA AND THE FLOW OF GENETIC INFO > Flashcards

L8: DNA AND THE FLOW OF GENETIC INFO Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the real word for DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleicacid

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2
Q

DNA lives…

A

inside the nucleus

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3
Q

Amino acids live…

A

outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm

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4
Q

Characteristics of the structure of DNA

A
  • double helix
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5
Q

What scientist discovered the structure of DNA?

A

Watson and Crick

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6
Q

What are the two strands called in DNA and what are they held together by?

A
  • nucleotides
  • held together by base pairing - hydrogen bonds
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7
Q

Differences in DNA sequence lead to …

A

genetic variation

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8
Q

When is DNA replicated?

A

-during the cell cycle in S phase

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9
Q

Whats the first thing that happens when DNA is being replicated?

A

-hydrogen bonds are broken.
- uncoils

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10
Q

Whats the name of the protein/ enzyme that replicates DNA?

A

DNA polymerase

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11
Q

What does DNA polymerase do to replicate the DNA?

A

The enzyme adds the nucleotides using the sequence of the parent strand

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12
Q

What is an old strand of DNA referred to as?

A

template strand

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13
Q

Can mistakes be made during the DNA replication process?

A

Yes, there called DNA
- errors
-mismatches
-mutations

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14
Q

Whats the error rate of DNA replication?

A

1 in 10,000 nucleotides

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15
Q

What rate has DNA polymerase reduced the error rate to?

A

1 in 10 000 000 000 nucleotides

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16
Q

What is a mismatch error?

A

occurs when the proofreading abilities of DNA polymerase fails
Example: c matches with a

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17
Q

Does a cell have the ability to fix a mismatch error?

A

-yes
- with the mismatch repair enzymes

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18
Q

When do we see a DNA mutation?

A

When the mismatch repair was not able to be fixed.

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19
Q

What is a DNA mutation?

A

A permanent error in the DNA sequence

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20
Q

What are the 3 steps in DNA repair?

A
  1. recognition
  2. removal
  3. replacement
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21
Q

How can a segment of DNA become damaged? Cause mutations?

A
  • chemicals
  • radiation
  • ultraviolet light
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22
Q

Explain the stages of DNA repair:

A

Recognition- the damaged or mismatched area is detected
Removal- the region is removed by enzymes, cuts out damaged area
Replace- DNA polymerase fills in the gap with new nucleotides, by re-reading and filling the template strand

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23
Q

Why is it important to repair either mutations or damaged DNA?

A
  • if you have failed DNA mechanisms it can result in disease
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24
Q

Whats an example of a disease that can result from failed DNA mechanisms?

A
  • xeroderma pigmentosum
  • more prone to skin cancer
  • if they are exposed to ultraviolet light it will cause two T”s that are side by side to bond together, creating thymine dimers
25
Q

What do genes code for ?

A

ribonucleic acid molecules

26
Q

What info makes a protein?

A

RNA molecules

27
Q

What is a gene?

A

A sequence of DNA that is used to make a copy of an RNA molecule used to eventually make proteins

28
Q

BLANK –> BLANK —> BLANK —>

A

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

29
Q

Differences with RNA compared to DNA

A
  • single-stranded
    -the base uracil takes the place of thymine
  • ribose sugar is used
30
Q

3 types of RNA molecules:

A
  1. ribosomal RNA = rRNA
  2. messenger RNA= mRNA
  3. transfer RNA = tRNA
31
Q

Function of mRNA:

A

the code that specifies the order of amino acids that are used to make proteins

32
Q

Function of rRNA:

A
  • a major component of ribosomes
  • their job is to make covalent bonds that link the amino acids together
33
Q

Function of tRNA:

A
  • transports the correct amino acid to the ribosome using the information found on the mRNA molecule
  • brings it to the site of amino acid assembly
34
Q

What are the two steps of making proteins?

A
  1. transcription
  2. translation
35
Q

Transcription

A

-produces mRNA copy from the DNA sequence of a gene
- once made the mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

36
Q

Translation

A
  • assembles the amino acids of proteins
37
Q

Transcription begins when…

A

RNA polymerase binds to a region of DNA called a promoter

38
Q

What two things do you need for transcription to occur?

A
  1. DNA sequence of a gene
  2. RNA polymerase
39
Q

Transcription starts at the ——
and ends at the ——–

A

promoter region, terminator sequence

40
Q

Transcription

A

-mRNA Polymerase finds promoter, begins unzipping DNA and reading the template strand and adding the complimentary nucleotides

41
Q

End point of transcription:

A

Terminator sequence

42
Q

How is transcription different from DNA replication?

A
  • only one strand of DNA is used in as a template
  • the product is a single-stranded RNA, not double stranded
  • specific segments are transcribed into RNA not the entire DNA molecule
  • transcription occurs all the time
43
Q

Transcription occurs —– the time while DNA replication only happens during —–

A

all the time, cell division

43
Q

What has to happen after transcription before translation?

A

the RNA molecule needs to move from inside the nucleus to the cytoplasm

44
Q

Formula of Translation

A

mRNA into proteins

45
Q

A group of three nucleotides are called…

A

codons

46
Q

What do we used to make sense of the meaning of codons?

A

We can use the genetic code.

47
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

A chart that specifies all the codons needed to make certain proteins

48
Q

T/F : more then one codon can code for a single amino acid.

A

True

49
Q

What codon is the starting point for mRNA translation?

A

AUG - METHIONINE

50
Q

What is the stop codon for mRNA translation:

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

51
Q

What does a stop codon symbolize?

A

the end of translation

52
Q

What four things do you need for the construction of a protein?

A
  1. The mRNA molecule
  2. Ribosomes: made up of rRNA and proteins
  3. amino acids
  4. tRNA molecules: that will bring the amino acids to the mRNA and ribosomes
52
Q

A tRNA molecule is really just a ….

A

RNA molecule folded on its self

53
Q

What important aspect does the tRNA molecule bring to translate?

A

the anti codon

54
Q

What is the anticodon?

A

a codon complimentary to the original codon

55
Q

Example of DNA mutation

A

-Sickle-cell anemia
-caused by a single nucleotide mutation in the hemoglobin gene

56
Q
A

BIOLOGY (10 decks)

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