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BIOLOGY > L11: CIRCULATION AND GAS EXCHANGE > Flashcards

L11: CIRCULATION AND GAS EXCHANGE Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why is the heart divided into two sides?

A

to keep the un oxygenated blood separate from the oxygenated blood

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2
Q

How much blood does your heart pump every minute? How manny beats a day?

A

-5 quarts
- 100,000 beats a day

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3
Q

Right side of the heart holds …

A

un oxygenated blood

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4
Q

Left side of the heart holds ….

A

oxygenated blood

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5
Q

What is the function of a valve?

A

-to keep the blood moving the right way
-work like gates on a fence

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6
Q

Name all the valves:

A
  • tricuspid
  • mitral
  • pulmonary
  • aortic
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7
Q

What is the contraction of the heart called?

A

systole

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8
Q

What is the relaxation of the heart called?

A

diastole

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9
Q

What the blood vessels on your heart surface called?

A

Coronary Arteries

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10
Q

What is the function of electrical impulses?

A

they deliver the signal to pump blood

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11
Q

Why must multicellular organisims transport material internally?

A

Because some organisims that are more than a few cells thick cannot rely on diffusion to recive oxygen. it would take to long

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12
Q

What human internal transport system referred to as?

A

The circulatory system

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13
Q

What are the 2 components of the circulatory system?

A
  • muscular heart
  • blood vessels
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14
Q

What type of arteries carry the blood from the heart to the rest of the body?

A

Thick-walled arteries

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15
Q

What type of vessels allow the exchange of materials between the blood and surrounding tissues?

A

tiny cappillaries

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16
Q

What veins collect blood from the body and return it to the heart?

A

Thick-walled viens

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17
Q

Is the human circulatory system open or closed?

A

It’s closed

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18
Q

What makes a circulatory system closed?

A

the blood never leaves the vessels

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19
Q

The cells of our body lie within….

A

0.03 mm of blood vessels

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20
Q

Whats something huge capillaries provide?

A

They provide an extremely large surface, area for exchange.

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21
Q

Are cells super close or far from the blood vessels?

A

super close

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22
Q

How many chambers does the human heart have?

A

4

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23
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart called?

A

Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle

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24
Q

What chamber of the heart receives blood from the body? Where does it go next?

A

Right atrium, pumps blood into the RV

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25
Q

What chamber pumps the blood to the lungs? Where does it go next?

A

The right ventricle, then the left atrium receives blood from the lungs

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26
Q

What ventricle pumps blood throughout the body?

A

the left ventricle

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27
Q

The sound of human heartbeat comes from…

A

the closing of valves

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28
Q

T/F: valves open both ways

A

False. only opens one way

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29
Q

Heart beat sounds like…

A

“lub” + “dub”

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30
Q

The “lub” noise comes from

A

when the one way valve between the atrium and ventricle shuts

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31
Q

The “dub” noise comes from

A

when the valve between the ventricle and the arteries snaps shut

32
Q

What represents the pressure change in arteries that receive blood from the left ventricle?

A

Blood pressure

33
Q

Extremely narrow blood vessels lined only by a single layer of endothelial cells is called ….

A

capillaries

34
Q

Since capillaries are super thin and narrow it makes it so…..

A

materials diffuse easily in and out of cappillaries

35
Q

Can waste products diffuse into the capillaries?

A

Yes

36
Q

What is blood made up of?

A

RBC
WBC
PLASMA

37
Q

Function of RBC

A

-rich in hemoglobin
- hemoglobin carries O2

38
Q

Function of WBC:

A

-involved in the defence against pathogens

39
Q

Plasma contains….

A
  • solutes
  • proteins and amino acids
    -glucose, lipids
  • ions
  • waste products
40
Q

What is a neutrophil?

A
  • a type of white blood cell most abundant in the white blood cell
41
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis is the process by which certain cells, like neutrophils and macrophages, engulf and digest foreign particles, pathogens (such as bacteria), or dead cells

42
Q

Gas exchange must occur in organisims because….

A

they must be able to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide

43
Q

What organ is responsible for gas exchange?

A

Lungs

44
Q

Why do humans require lungs whereas bacterium does not?

A

because bacteria and protists can simply diffuse gases through their membranes to meet their gas exchange needs

45
Q

Example of organisims that have surface area for gas exchange:

A
  • diatoms
    -earthworms
46
Q

Examples of organisims that don’t have enough surface area for gas exchange:

A
  • Humans
  • Grasshoppers
47
Q

How do fish facilitate gas exchange?

A

through there gill filaments

48
Q

Humans get the oxygen to the cells that need it by having….

A

a respiratory and circulatory system

49
Q

What are our lungs?

A

elastic sacs that allow us to pump in large amounts of air

50
Q

Why were the lungs designed…

A

they were designed to provide a larger surface area for gas exchange

51
Q

How does air flow into the lungs ?

A
  • breath air through our oral and nasal cavities
  • air then enters the trachea
  • the trachea branches into smaller tube that form the lungs
52
Q

What are the air sacs called that make up our lungs?

A

alveoli

53
Q

What are alveoli?

A

sites of gas exchange

54
Q

Alveoli have a combined surface area of…

A

two squash courts

55
Q

What are the alveoli?

A

air spaces where carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged with blood vessels

56
Q

What allows the alveoli to exchange gases and oxygen so readily?

A

it’s because the alveoli walls are very very thin so gas exchange can occur at a really small distance

57
Q

What cell type makes up the walls of alveoli?

A

epithelial cells

58
Q

What function do epithelial cells provide for our lungs?

A

gas exchange

59
Q

T/F: Alveoil interacts with capillaries

A

True

60
Q

Oxygen diffuses from the ____ to the ____

A

alveoli to the capillaries

61
Q

CO2 diffuses from the ____ to the ____

A

capillaries to the alveoli

62
Q

What’s wrong with the plasma in the blood involved in gas exchange?

A

the plasma isn’t that good at picking up oxygen in high enough quantities.

63
Q

What picks up oxygen that travels from the alveoil to the blood?

A

RBC

64
Q

Protein found in RBC:

A

Hemoglobin

65
Q

Function of Hemoglobin essential to gas exchange:

A

Hemoglobin binds to oxygen

66
Q

T/F: hemoglobin can both bind and release oxygen

A

True

67
Q

What happens to the abilities of hemoglobin when there is a high concentration of oxygen ?

A

Hemoglobin tend to pick up more oxygen

68
Q

Process of gas exchange broken down: (4)

A
  • oxygen enters the bloodstream by diffusing from the alveoli
  • oxygen enters RBCs and binds to hemoglobin
    -Oxygenated RBC’s travel to the tissue that requires this oxygen
    -The hemoglobin releases this oxygen to the cells or tissues that need it
  • Deoxygenated RBC travel back to the lungs
69
Q

What species breathe differently?

A

Insects

70
Q

How do insects breathe?

A
  • air is pumped to the trachea
  • trachea delivers oxygen to tracheoles
  • tracheoles diffuse gases directly to cells
71
Q

What adaptations do people who live at high elevations where there is low oxygen have?

A
  • more efficient oxygen utilization
    -more hemoglobin concentration
    -more RBC
72
Q

Gas exchange in plants occurs…

A

in the leaves of plants called stomata.

73
Q

How does stomata regulate gas exchange?

A

by opening and closing

74
Q

The plant leaf is made up of an upper and lower….

A

epidermis

75
Q

What are the cells called that facilitate photosynthesis located in the upper leaf? What do these cells require?

A

-Palisade parenchyma
-requires carbon dioxide

76
Q

What would the air spaces in the plant leaf be comparable to in a human?

A

Both structures—air spaces in leaves and alveoli in lungs—serve similar purposes: to facilitate the exchange of gases

BIOLOGY (10 decks)

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