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BIOLOGY > L10: HOMEOSTASIS, NUTRITION AND DIGESTION > Flashcards

L10: HOMEOSTASIS, NUTRITION AND DIGESTION Flashcards

1
Q

How long can someone go without food?

A

up to 2 months

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2
Q

How much-stored energy does the brain demand to function properly?

A

25% of all our stored energy

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3
Q

Whats the most common cause of death from starvation?

A

-cardiac arrest
- due to excessive tissue degradation

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4
Q

Why must organisms maintain there internal environment?

A

Most organisms function best under a narrow range of internal conditions

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5
Q

How do organisms gain and lose water?

A

Diffusion

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6
Q

What is diffusion?

A

how organisms gain and lose water

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7
Q

By what process do organisms regulate solutes?

A

Active transport.

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8
Q

Examples of solutes:

A

-sodium chloride
-glucose

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9
Q

T/F: Organisms can exchange heat with their environment in order to maintain homeostasis.

A

TRUE

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10
Q

How does water move from one side of the cell to the other side of the cell?

A

Through the process of osmosis.

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11
Q

If you have a high solute conc. this leads to a …

A

low water concentration

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12
Q

How do water and some solutes diffuse from high to low conc through…

A

passive transport

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13
Q

Other than passive transport, solutes can also be ——— transported across the cell membranes.

A

actively transported

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14
Q

What pathway does active transport use?

A

They use channels or carrier proteins

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15
Q

What organ controls the regulation of water and solutes?

A

The kidneys.

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16
Q

What organ disposes of metabolic waste?

A

Kidneys

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17
Q

What are the pathway of ammonia and what is it an example of?

A

It is a byproduct of protein metabolism and is toxic to humans, so ammonia is converted to urea in the liver, later it’s carried to the kidneys and eliminated in the form of urine

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18
Q

Functions of the kidneys:

A
  • controls the amount of water that leaves via urine
  • filters blood
    -excess solutes are released
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19
Q

Whats responsible for regulating kidney function?

A

Hormones

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20
Q

Where is Urea released?

A

In the Urine

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21
Q

Renal Artery

A

Where blood enters the kidney

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22
Q

Nephron

A

– blood enters and leaves the nephron through the glomerular capillaries

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23
Q

Collecting Duct

A

where reabsorption occurs

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24
Q

What does the renal artery branch off into ?

A

Specialized Capillaries eventually turns into the glomerulus

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25
Explain the process from glomerulus to tubule to collecting duct:
- blood enters the glomerulus at a very high pressure. - causes the water and solute to be pumped from the glomerulus to the tubule - tubule eventually turns into collecting duct
26
What type of cells are the tubule and the collecting duct made out of:
epithelial cells
27
What happens to some of the solutes collected in the collecting duct?
Some of them are pumped from the duct into the kidney tissue.
28
Since some of the solutes are put back into the kidney's tissues out of the collecting duct, this causes...
-water flows out of the duct - aka osmosis - and urine becomes more concentrated
29
What other components are inn the water that flows into the tubules and collecting duct?
-sugars -amino acids
30
How are the sugars and amino acids pumped back into the blood?
active transport
31
3 process that occur in the nephron:
1. Filtration 2.Reabsorption 3. Secretion
32
Filitration
Blood pressure pushes water, small molecules, and waste from the blood into the Bowman's capsule, forming filtrate.
33
Reabsorption
Useful substances (water, glucose, ions) are reabsorbed from the filtrate back into the blood, mainly in the tubules.
34
Secretion
Extra waste and ions (like hydrogen and potassium) are actively transported from the blood into the filtrate for excretion.
35
Osmosis
-is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane - water moves down its concentration gradient
36
Organisms need between - and - of the known elements in large quantities:
between 9 and 11
37
What are the elements organisims need in large amounts referred to ?
macronutrients
38
How much macronutrients represent the weight of an organisim?
99% of the weight of an organism
39
C, H and O make up -------- of our weight:
93% of our weight
40
Micronutrients are...
-tiny amounts that are necessary for life - example: vitamins, iodine
41
What do Carbohydrates give us?
- source of energy - source of carbon
42
What are fats/ lipids?
- a concentrated form of energy - essential fats; required to make certain compounds
43
Proteins are....
- the source of amino acids, including the essential ones we can synthesize
44
What categories fall under the human dietary requirements?
- Carbohydrates - Fats -Proteins
45
How do plants absorb nutrients?
from the soil
46
How do animals absorb nutrients?
animals must convert food into molecules that they can absorb
47
Human Digestive System is the system ...
that enables us to break down food to absorb molecules and nutrients
48
A one-way system that carries food from the mouth to the anus is referred to as....
The Digestive System, or the gut
49
Where does the digestion of food start and how?
food is mixed with saliva in the mouth
50
What does saliva contain to help the process of digestion?
an enzyme called amylase
51
What does amylase actually do?
breaks down starch into sugars breaks down carbohydrates
52
How does food go from the mouth to the stomach?
the esophagus- tube in the throat
53
What happens in the stomach with the food?
it mixes the food with acid and stores it
54
After the stomach the food goes to the ....
-small intestine - where it breaks down macromolecules for easy absorption
55
After the small intestine the food goes to the....
-large intestine/colon -where it removes additional nutrients and water from the food
56
After the Colon the food turns into...
feces
57
What 3 components does the animal digestive system involve?
1. Breakdown 2. Absorption 3. Waste
58
What cells are the stomach made of?
specialized epithelial cells
59
What can the epithelial cells in the stomach secrete?
HCL ACID Mucous Proteases
60
What does HCL do for the food were digesting?
-it kills most microbes present in food - breaks extracellular matrix of food
61
What is the job of mucus secreted in the stomach?
the mucous protects epithelium from HCI
62
What does the muscle tissue in the stomach do?
contracts to grind the food
63
What is the function of proteases?
to use its pepsin to break down proteins
64
Whats the inside of the stomach referred to as?
the lumen
65
What is peristalsis?
muscle- driven movement of the gut
66
What can epithelial cells do?
-absorb nutrients through active transport
67
What is the pancreas function in the digestive system?
- a source of digestive enzymes -enzymes like lipase, proteases, amylase
68
Organs involved in Digestive System:
- mouth - salivary glands - esophagus - liver -stomach -Gall Bladder - L and S intestine (or colon) - anus
69
Lipase breaks down ... Proteases breaks down... Amylase breaks down...
- Fats/ lipids - Proteins - Carbohydrates
70
Whats the livers role in the digestive system?
-produces bile
71
Function of Bile
-emulsifies lipids which increases the efficiency of lipases
72
Where is bile stored?
Gall bladder
73
Villi are....
-finger-like projections of epithelial cells -which increases the number of epithelial cells in a certain amount of space
74
The more villi or more epithelial cells you have makes for better ....
overall efficent absorption
75
Why is food broken down in the small intestines?
in order to enter the epithelial cells.
76
What happens in the large Intestine?
water absorption + some nutrient absorption+ production of feces
77
What's a key aspect of the colon? Whats it called?
-that it is heavily colonized by bacteria - called the normal flora
78
What can the normal flora produce for us ?
can produce certain vitamins AND repels and inhibits pathogenic bacteria
79
What helps regulates digestion?
Hormones
80
What is Gastrin and its function?
- its a hormone - that causes the stomach to produce acid
81
What is Secretin and its function?
-its a hormone - causes the pancreas to send out a digestive juice
82
Whats the hormone called that helps regulate appetite?
Ghrelin - produced to stimulate appetite
83
What the name of the enzyme that is produced to inhibit appetite ?
Peptide YY
84
Whats the name of a common enzyme that some people tend not to be able to produce?
Lactase - the enzyme that breaks down lactose -people can't digest milk
85
What's the condition called in relation to not being able to break down lactase?
LACTOSIS
86
Cellulose is made up of...
glucose
87
Animals that lack cellulase ....
can't digest cellulose

BIOLOGY (10 decks)

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